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. 2022 Dec 19;12(12):1904. doi: 10.3390/biom12121904

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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UVR modulation on the expression of cytoprotective genes. The figure shows the diametrically opposite effects of UVA and UVB. UVA-mediated oxidation acts on two different levels by promoting the intracytoplasmic accumulation of free NRF2 which, once oxidized, translocates to the nucleus where, dimerizing with AP-1, it acts as a transcriptional activator of cytoprotective genes. Further upregulation of HMOX-1 is provided by the oxidation of HIF-1. UVB-mediated oxidation indirectly inactivates the transcription of cytoprotective genes through direct DNA damage. The lack of this cytoprotective action in turn results in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and consequent pyroptosis.