Overview of possible pathways leading to a direct interaction of PPARα with histone-modifying enzymes regulating diverse pathways. (a) JMJD3 can activate autophagy under starvation by interacting with PPARα (b) PPARα has been described to recruit both JMJD3 and SIRT1 to activate β-oxidation genes under fasting conditions (c) It is not clear yet if the bidirectional regulation of PPARα and SIRT1 target genes is regulated by the direct interaction between PPARα and SIRT1 or the indirect interaction via the deacetylation of PCG1-α. Abbreviations: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, PPARα; Fibroblast growth factor 21, Fgf21; Protein kinase A, PKA; Jumonji D3, JMJD3; Sirtuin 1, SIRT1; retinoid X receptor, RXR; Liver Kinase B1, LKB1; AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, PCG1-α.