. 2022 Dec 2;12(12):1119. doi: 10.3390/bios12121119

Table 1.

Summarization of immunoassays with diverse signals based on nanozymes for target analytes detection.

Nanozymes	Signals	Analyte	Limit of Detection (LOD)	Comparison of Sensitivity with Natural Enzymes-Labeled Immunoassays	Ref.
Ps-Pt	Colorimetric	S. typhi	100 CFU mL⁻¹	-	[24]
a-RuTe₂ nanorods	Colorimetric	PSA	32.6 pg mL⁻¹	The LOD was one order of magnitude lower than that of ELISA.	[25]
PBNPs	Colorimetric	HSA	1.2 ng mL⁻¹	The LOD was improved by 3 orders of magnitude that of ELISA.	[26]
Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-NH₂-Au@Pd_0.30NPs	Colorimetric	antip53aAbs	15 pg mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than that of ELISA (0.19 ng mL⁻¹).	[27]
aptamer-AuNPs	Colorimetric	CRP	8 pg mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than that of ELISA (0.14 μg mL⁻¹).	[28]
LMs	Colorimetric	α-LA	0.056 ng mL⁻¹	-	[29]
TiO₂-CA NPs	Colorimetric	ALP	0.002 U L⁻¹	-	[30]
MnO₂ nanoflakes	Colorimetric	AFP	0.148 ng mL⁻¹	-	[31]
2D GO/Fe-MOF	Colorimetric	BPDE-DNA	0.268 ng mL⁻¹	-	[32]
Cu(OH)₂-DNAzymes	Colorimetric	MC-LR	6 ng L⁻¹	The LOD was lower than that of ELISA (190 ng L⁻¹).	[33]
Fe-N-C single-atom	Colorimetric	CEA	0.55 pg mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than that of ELISA (2 pg mL⁻¹).	[34]
FeSA−PtC nanozymes	Colorimetric	PSA	1.8 pg mL⁻¹	-	[35]
AuNZs	Colorimetric	influenza virus A (H1N1)	44.2 × 10⁻¹⁵ g mL⁻¹	-	[36]
TMB NPs	Colorimetric	interleukin-6	0.66 pg mL⁻¹	The sensitivity was 11.82 times higher than that of ELISA (7.8 pg mL⁻¹).	[37]
TMBZ-AuNPs	Colorimetric	influenza virus A (H5N1)	1.11 pg mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than that of ELISA (909 pg mL⁻¹).	[38]
PDA-Fe(III) NPs	Colorimetric	PSA	0.84 pg mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than that of ELISA (6.81 pg mL⁻¹).	[39]
AuNSs@CTAB	Colorimetric	HCG	7.8 mIU mL⁻¹	-	[40]
Au@Pt probes	Colorimetric	parathion	2.13 ng·kg⁻¹	The LOD was lower than that of ELISA (20.82 ng·kg⁻¹).	[41]
PVP-PtNC nanozyme	Colorimetric	AMD	0.134 ng mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than that of HRP-labeled IgG catalyzed colorimetric reactions (0.343 ng mL⁻¹).	[42]
Co(OH)₂ nanocages	Colorimetric	ochratoxin A	0.26 ng L⁻¹	-	[43]
SAN	Colorimetric	cTnI-TnC Myo	0.012 ng mL⁻¹ 0.2 ng mL⁻¹	The LODs were lower than ELISA kit (0.03 ng mL⁻¹ for cTnI, and 5 ng mL⁻¹ for Myo).	[44]
Fe₃O₄@PDA@Pd/Pt	Colorimetric	E. coli O157:H7	9 × 10¹ CFU mL⁻¹	-	[45]
man-PB	Colorimetric	E. coli O157:H7	102 CFU mL⁻¹	-	[46]
Pd@Pt	Colorimetric	S. Enteritidis E. coli O157:H7	∼20 CFU mL⁻¹ ∼34 CFU mL⁻¹	The LOD was 100-fold more sensitive than AuNP-based LFIAs and similar to HRP enhanced LFIAs.	[47]
PtGNs	Colorimetric	E. coli O157:H7	3.3 × 10⁴ CFU mL⁻¹	30-fold improvement in LOD was achieved over the conventional LFA.	[48]
in situ gold growth of AuNPs	Colorimetric	E. coli O157:H7	1.25 × 10 CFU mL⁻¹	The LOD was 400-fold lower than colloidal gold immunochromatography assay.	[49]
MNP	Colorimetric	ES	2 CFU mL⁻¹	-	[50]
PtPd nanoparticles	Colorimetric	BChE	0.025 nM	-	[51]
MPBN	Colorimetric	CLE RAC	0.20 ng mL⁻¹ 0.12 ng mL⁻¹	-	[52]
Pd@Pt NP	Colorimetric	Atrazine acetochlor	0.24 ppb 3.2 ppb	-	[53]
Au@Pt nanozyme	Colorimetric	STR	1 ng mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than LFA based on AuNPs (8 ng mL⁻¹).	[54]
MnO₂ NFs	Fluorescence	CRP	0.67 pg mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than electrochemical ELISA (12.5 pg mL⁻¹).	[55]
Pd-Ir nanocubes	Fluorescence	cardiac troponin I	0.31 pg mL⁻¹	-	[56]
Au@Pt nanozyme	Fluorescence	parathion Triazophos chlorpyrifos	9.88 ng kg⁻¹ 3.91 ng kg⁻¹ 1.47 ng kg⁻¹	-	[57]
CuONRs	Chemiluminescence	CEA	0.05 ng mL⁻¹	The LOD was 12-fold more sensitive than HRP-labeled sandwich CLIA.	[58]
Co-Fe@hemin	Chemiluminescence	SARS-CoV-2 antigen	0.1 ng mL⁻¹	-	[59]
CuSNPs	Chemiluminescence	IFN-γ IL-4	2.9 pg mL⁻¹ 3.2 pg mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than ELISA (500 pg mL⁻¹ for IFN-γ) and CLIA (20 pg mL⁻¹ for IL-4).	[60]
nanoceria	Chemiluminescence	PSA	53 fg mL⁻¹	-	[61]
PtDEN	Electrochemical	ProGRP	0.86 pg mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than EC immunosensor (10 pg mL⁻¹).	[62]
2D Cu-TCPP(Fe)	Electrochemical	SAs	0.395 ng mL⁻¹	-	[63]
PtNP	Electrochemical	TSH	0.3 pg mL⁻¹	-	[64]
PbS NCs	Electrochemiluminescence	AFP	3.0 fg mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than ELISA (0.1 ng mL⁻¹).	[65]
PtCo nanozymes	Electrochemiluminescence	anti-MPO	7.39 fg mL⁻¹	-	[66]
PtAu BNT	Electrochemiluminescence	PRRSV	10.8 pg mL⁻¹	-	[67]
Ag-NPs	SERS	CRP	1.09 ng mL⁻¹	-	[68]
CeO₂	SERS	α-LA	0.01 ng mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than ELISA (0.128 ng mL⁻¹).	[69]
AuNPs doped COF	SERS	β-lactoglobulin	0.01 ng mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than sandwich ELISA (33.95 ng mL⁻¹).	[70]
Fe₃O₄	Photoelectrochemical	PSA	18 fg mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than sandwich HRP labeled PEC immunoassay (37 fg mL⁻¹).	[71]
PdPt bimetallic nanozymes	Photoelectrochemical	CEA	0.21 pg mL⁻¹	-	[72]
BSA@Au NPs	Photoelectrochemical	CYFRA21-1	1.12 fg mL⁻¹	-	[73]
Au@Pt NP	Height of foam	E. coli O157:H7	2.16 × 10² CFU mL⁻¹	-	[74]
Fe-MOF/PtNPs	Temperature	Salmonella	93 CFU mL⁻¹	The LOD was lower than sandwich ELISA (10⁴ CFU mL⁻¹).	[75]
nanoceria	Colorimetric Ratiometric fluorescence	cTnI	0.227 pg mL⁻¹ 0.413 pg mL⁻¹	-	[76]
Pt nanozymes	Colorimetric Electrochemical	GA	9.2 μg mL⁻¹ 3.8 μg mL⁻¹	-	[77]
MoS₂ NSs	Colorimetric Electrochemiluminescence Photothermal	HE4	3 × 10⁻⁵ ng mL⁻¹ 3 × 10⁻⁷ ng mL⁻¹ -	-	[78]

- not mentioned. Abbreviations: α-LA: alpha-lactalbumin; AFP: alpha fetoprotein; Ag-NPs: silver nanoparticles; AMD: amantadine; anti-MPO: Anti-myeloperoxidase antibody; antip53aAbs: tumor-associated anti-p53 autoantibodies; aptamer-AuNPs: aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles; a-RuTe₂: amorphous RuTe₂; AuNPs doped COF: gold nanoparticles doped covalent organic frameworks; AuNZs: gold nanozyme; AuNPs@CTAB: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-coated gold nanoparticles; Au@Pt NP: gold and platinum nanoparticles; BChE: butyrylcholinesterase; BPDE−DNA: benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide−DNA adduct; BSA@Au NPs: bovine serum albumin stabilized gold nanoparticles; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CLE: clenbuterol; Co(OH)₂ nanocages: cobalt hydroxide nanocages; CRP: C-reactive protein; cTnI: cardiac troponin I; cTnI-TnC: I-troponin C; CuONRs: cupric oxide nanorods; CuSNPs: carboxylated copper monosulfide nanoparticles; CYFRA21-1: cytokeratin 19 fragment 21-1; 2D GO/Fe-MOF: Graphene oxide (GO)/Fe-based metal−organic frameworks (Fe-MOF); E. coli O157:H7: Escherichia coli O157:H7; ES: Enterobacter sakazakii; FeSA-PtC nanozyme: Pt clusters loading on the Fe single-atom; Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-NH₂-Au@Pd_0.30NPs: nanomagnet-silica nanoparticles decorated with Au@Pd; Fe₃O₄@PDA@Pd/Pt: polydopamine (PDA)-mediated magnetic bimetallic nanozyme; Fe-MOF/PtNPs: Fe-MIL-88NH₂ metal−organic framework nanocubes decorated with platinum nanoparticles; GA: glycated albumin; HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin; HE4: human epididymis-specific protein 4; HSA: human serum albumin; LMs: laccase mimics nanozymes; man-PB: mannose modified Prussian blue; MnO₂ NFs: manganese dioxide nanoflowers; MNP: magnetic nanoparticle; MoS₂ NSs: MoS₂ nanosheets; Myo: myoglobin; PbS NCs: lead sulfide nanocrystals; PtDEN: platinum nanoparticles encapsulated inside dendrimers; ProGRP: pro-gastrin-releasing peptide; PtNP: Pt nanoparticle; PtAu BNT: Au/PtAu bimetallic heterojunction nanotube; PRRSV: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; MC-LR: microcystin-LR; MPBN: magnetic prussian blue nanozyme; PBNPs: Prussian blue nanoparticles; PDA: polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticle; Pd@Pt NP: palladium@platium nanoparticle; Ps-Pt: platinum-nanoparticles on the surface of carboxyl functionalized polymer nanospheres; PSA: prostate-specific antigen; PtGNs: Platinum-coated gold nanozymes; PVP-PtNC nanozyme: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capped Pt nanocubes; RAC: ractopamine; SAs: sulfonamides; SANs: self-assembled allochroic nanoparticles; S. typhi: Salmonella typhimurium; STR: streptomycin; S. Enteritidis: Salmonella Enteritidis; TMB NPs: Allochroic 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) nanoparticles; TMBZ-AuNPs: 3,3′,5,5′- Tetramethylbenzidine (TMBZ)-gold nanoparticles; TiO₂-CA NPs: CA coordinated TiO₂; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone.