Table 1.
Processes in the COVID-19 lungs related to surfactant dysfunction.
| Surfactant | ||
|---|---|---|
| Upregulation | Downregulation | SARS-CoV-2 Infection Effects |
| - |
TTF1
SFTPC SFTPD |
Altered immunomodulation Altered air exchange Ineffective alveolar surface tension regulation |
| SFTPB | - | Ineffective alveolar surface tension regulation |
|
GATA6
SFTPA |
- | Disrupted immune and anti-inflammation processes |
| - | LMCD1 | Disrupted immune and anti-inflammation processes |
| SREBP2 | cholesterol biosynthesis genes | Reduction in the phospholipids in the lungs Nonfunctional surfactant proteins Cytokine storm induction |