Table 1.

Comparison of fluorescent-based plasmonic nanobiosensors for viral DNA detection.

Analytical Method	Feature	Target	Required Time	Detection Limit	Ref
FRET	One-donor-four-acceptors FRET probe for the HCV DNA detection	HCV DNA	40 min	24.51 nM	[48]
FRET	Lipid oligonucleotide FRET probes incorporated into micellar scaffolds	cDNA	30 min	0.625 nM	[49]
FRET	FAM-ssDNA–CTAB–AuNRs ternary complex	HBV DNA	50 min	15 pM	[50]
FRET	NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles with carboxylic acid groups and report DNA-modified AuNP	HIV DNA	20 min	3 nM	[51]
FRET	DNA-Conjugated CdTe Quantum Dots Nanoprobe	SARS-CoV-2 genome	30 min	2.52 nM	[52,53]
MEF	Anti-neuraminidase (NA) antibody (anti-NA Ab) to thiolated AuNPs and the anti-hemagglutinin (HA) antibody (anti-HA Ab) to alloyed quaternary L-cysteine-capped CdSeTeS QDs	Influenza virus	3 min	0.03 pg/mL	[8]
MEF	Fluorescent CdZnSeS/ZnSeS QDs and AuNPs with target-binding peptide chain	Influenza virus	3 min	17.02 pg/mL	[54]
MEF	DNA-functionalized AuNP pair for CRISPR-Cas12a-based detection	cfDNA (BRCA-1)	30 min	100 fM	[5]
MEF	Isothermal amplification on plasmonic enhanced digitizing biosensor	HBV and HCV DNA	10 min	4 ng/mL	[55]
MEF	AgNPs functioned with recognition probes (Cy3-probe) and hybrid probes	HBV DNA	15 min	50 fM	[56]