Table 3.

Comparison of fluorescent-based plasmonic nanobiosensors for viral RNA detection.

Analytical Method	Feature	Target	Required Time	Detection Limit	Ref
Magnetofluorescence	Magnetic probes and HRP-terminated reporters generating HRP-catalyzed fluorescence readout	SARS-CoV-2 RNA	30 min	1000 copies/μL	[72]
Real-time plasmonic (fluorescent) RT-PCR	Multiplexed real-time plasmonic RT-PCR, with heating driven by IR LEDs and AuNRs	SARS-CoV-2 RNA	30 min	2.2–4.4 copies/μL	[73]
Plasmonic thermocycling and fluorescence detection	Control the temperature by the photothermal conversion of magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles	SARS-CoV-2 RNA	17 min	3.2 copies/μL	[74]
FRET	One-donor-two-acceptor system consisting of QD as a donor and BHQ-2, and AuNP as acceptors	RSV gRNA	40 min	-	[75]
MEF	Ai-Ni magnetoplasmonic nanorod with molecular beacon-fluorescent probe	miR-124	30 min	1 pM	[76]
MEF	3D Au plasmonic nanoarray composed of Au nanopillar and spherical AuNPs with RPA	SARS-CoV-2 RNA	40 min	10 copies/rxn	[77]
MEF	TAR RNA-immobilized surface of the Fe3O4@Au@Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs)	HIV-Ι TAR RNA-binding ligand	5 min	36 nM (mitoxantrone)	[78]
MEF	DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (DNA-AgNCs) with a GCC-loop-structure	Norovirus RNA	30 min	18 nM	[79]