Electrochemical aptasensors based on semiconducting 2D-TMC and 2D-TMD electrode platforms for E2 detection. The semiconducting 2D-TMC and 2D-TMD aptasensor electrode platforms are (A) glassy carbon/VS2 nanoflower/gold–aptamer electrode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [50]. copyright © 2022, Elsevier, (B) glassy carbon/CoS nanosheets/gold–aptamer electrode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [42]. copyright © 2022, Elsevier, (C) glassy carbon/CuS/gold–aptamer electrode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [52]. copyright © 2022, Springer-Verlag Wien, (D) glassy carbon/WS2/gold–aptamer electrode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [51]. copyright © 2022, The Royal Society of Chemistry. The gold–thiol bond aptamer immobilization strategy was implemented for semiconducting 2D-TMC and 2D-TMD electrodes.