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. 2022 Dec 7;11(24):3949. doi: 10.3390/cells11243949

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Multiple effects of 590 nm LED photobiomodulation on the microenvironment of skin. 590 nm LED alleviated angiogenesis through inhibiting cell migration, tube formation and VEGF release in endothelial cells, predominantly via the downregulation of the AKT/PI3K/mTOR pathway. In addition, LED suppressed melanogenesis via inducing autophagy in melanocytes, upregulating the H19/miR-675 axis and its exosome in keratinocytes, probably through decreasing the secretion of SCF in endothelial cells. LED, light-emitting diodes; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; SCF, stem cell factor.