Figure 2.

HIF Pathway. Under normoxic conditions, HIF-α is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylases (PHD) and then recognized by the VHL protein. Once VHL is bound to HIF-α, this leads to its ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-α is not hydroxylized, accumulates in the cytosol, translocates to the nucleus and heterodimerizes with its subunit HIF-β. This leads to the transcription of genes with a hypoxia responsive element (HRE) in their promoter, responsible for cellular adaptation to hypoxia such as angiogenesis, survival, glucose metabolism and proliferation. Adapted from “HIF signalling”, by BioRender.com (2022). Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates (accessed on 4 December 2022).