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Phosphorylation of H2AX in the DSB response. Upon DSBs induced by IR, H2AX activity is regulated by Ser139 phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycles. Phosphorylation is catalyzed by ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK. When H2AX is phosphorylated at the sites flanking DSBs, different repair proteins are recruited, including the MRN protein complex, 53BP1, and cohesins. After repair, γH2AX is removed by dephosphorylation catalyzed by the protein phosphatases PP2A, PP4C, PP6, and WIP1.
