Table 3. Formulations and Operational Conditions Applied for Production of Saponin-Based Nanoemulsions Using High Energy Devices.

	O/W % wt.	saponin % wt.	coarse emulsion	pressure/N of cycles or power/time/pulse	ref
Microfluidization	1/99–50/50 (10/90 is the most common)	0.1–10% (2% is the most common)	High-speed blender for 1–5 min using 6000–24000 rpm (there are works that apply directly microfluidizer75,76,139,149,150)	50–150 MPa for 1–8 cycles (4 is the most common)	(2), (67), (143), (144) ,149−156, (71), (157−161)(74−76), (78), (79), (139), (142)
High-Pressure Homogenization	5/95–30/70 (10/90 is the most common)	0.1–5% (1% is the most common)	High-speed blender for 1–5 min using 5000–15000 rpm	20–170 MPa for 1–10 cycles (4 is the most common)	(15), (16), (141), (162−166), (17), (20), (23), (68), (69), (88), (94), (140)
Ultrasonication	3/97–30/70 (10/90 is the most common)	0.5–10% (2% is the most common)	High-speed blender for 1–5 min using 6000–24000 rpm (there are works that apply directly sonication70,167,168)	Bath and Probe sonication, 10–600 W, 2–50 min, 5–30 s pulse on/off	(13), (70), (90), (95), (167−172)