Table 1. Effect of 4-Week Beer Intake (with and without Alcohol) on Hepatic, Inflammatory, and Metabolic Markersa,b.
| beer 0.0% alcohol (n = 9) Group A |
beer 5.2% alcohol (n = 10) Group B |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| baseline | post-intervention | Pc within group | baseline | post-intervention | Pc within group | Pd2 variation between groups | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 ± 6.7 | 26.1 ± 6.7 | 0.088 | 25.2 ± 3.7 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 0.833 | 0.182 |
| BFM (kg) | 21.5 ± 17.4 | 21.6 ± 17.1 | 0.722 | 14.3 ± 8.8 | 13.9 ± 8.8 | 0.090 | 0.113 |
| glucose (mg/dL) | 80.0 ± 9.0 | 78.7 ± 6.1 | 0.673 | 83.5 ± 10.2 | 81.0 ± 10.1 | 0.237 | 0.661 |
| Hb A1C (%) | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 1.000 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 0.172 | 0.182 |
| insulin (μU/mL) | 7.6 ± 4.0 | 9.1 ± 9.1 | 0.594 | 5.4 ± 2.3 | 5.8 ± 3.9 | 0.759 | 0.762 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 2.0 | 0.594 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 0.721 | 0.549 |
| sodium(mmol/L) | 142.3 ± 2.1 | 141.2 ± 1.4 | 0.079 | 142.3 ± 1.3 | 141.3 ± 1.1 | 0.047* | 0.661 |
| potassium(mmol/L) | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 0.172 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 0.009* | 0.079 |
| total chol (mg/dL) | 179.9 ± 37.3 | 195.3 ± 37.1 | 0.038* | 178.3 ± 36.5 | 178.2 ± 40.0 | 0.683 | 0.053 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 49.1 ± 12.4 | 47.6 ± 12.8 | 0.212 | 50.3 ± 3.7 | 49.3 ± 3.6 | 0.766 | 0.780 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 104.6 ± 28.7 | 114.7 ± 27.1 | 0.260 | 107.4 ± 28.4 | 112.0 ± 33.4 | 0.263 | 0.549 |
| triglycerides (mg/dL) | 132.1 ± 92.3 | 174.2 ± 188.8 | 0.441 | 103.2 ± 81.4 | 84.4 ± 55.0 | 0.074 | 0.156 |
| homocysteine (μmol/L) | 12.9 ± 4.2 | 12.8 ± 3.0 | 0.674 | 10.8 ± 3.4 | 12.3 ± 3.6 | 0.169 | 0.113 |
| ASAT (U/L - 37°) | 30.8 ± 5.8 | 30.9 ± 6.3 | 0.944 | 31.6 ± 6.7 | 54.9 ± 73.8 | 0.905 | 0.842 |
| ALAT (U/L - 37°) | 33.2 ± 12.5 | 33.4 ± 17.3 | 0.406 | 35.6 ± 15.9 | 46.8 ± 32.9 | 0.779 | 0.604 |
| ALP (U/L - 37°) | 74.6 ± 15.1 | 71.4 ± 13.1 | 0.028* | 84.5 ± 22.7 | 78.6 ± 17.4 | 0.015* | 0.356 |
| GGT (U/L - 37°) | 37.8 ± 23.3 | 47.6 ± 40.1 | 0.085 | 24.8 ± 12.3 | 28.0 ± 16.4 | 0.759 | 0.356 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.249 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 1.000 | 0.156 |
a
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05 vs respective baseline.
b
BMI, body mass index; BFM, body fat mass; HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; Total Chol, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ASAT, aspartate aminotransferase; ALAT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; CRP, C-reactive protein.
c
Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
d
Statistical analysis was performed using Man-Whitney test.