TABLE 1.
Dose–response subgroup analyses of total dairy and milk intakes and risk of hypertension in adults
| Subgroup | Total dairy (per 200-g/d increment) | Milk (per 200-g/d increment) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | RR (95% CI) | I 2, % | P value1 | N | RR (95% CI)1 | I 2, % | P value1 | |
| All | 17 | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | 65.2 | <0.001 | 14 | 0.94 (0.92, 0.97) | 64.1 | 0.001 |
| Region | ||||||||
| United States | 6 | 0.94 (0.92, 0.97) | 68.3 | 0.008 | 6 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.98) | 32.2 | 0.219 |
| Europe | 6 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | 42.0 | 0.125 | 4 | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 59.9 | 0.058 |
| Asia | 4 | 1.04 (0.88, 1.21) | 76.3 | 0.005 | 4 | 1.04 (0.86, 1.24) | 73.7 | 0.010 |
| Multicountry | 1 | 0.97 (0.93, 0.99) | — | — | 0 | — | — | — |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Both | 9 | 0.93 (0.90, 0.98) | 16.5 | 0.296 | 10 | 0.93 (0.90, 0.97) | 61.6 | 0.011 |
| Men | 2 | 1.15 (0.76, 1.72) | 90.6 | 0.001 | 1 | 1.90 (1.22, 2.95) | — | — |
| Women | 6 | 0.96 (0.94, 0.98) | 77.5 | <0.001 | 3 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 39.6 | 0.191 |
| Age, y | ||||||||
| ≤50 | 10 | 0.96 (0.92, 0.99) | 73.1 | <0.001 | 8 | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 66.4 | 0.011 |
| >50 | 7 | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | 48.3 | 0.071 | 6 | 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) | 61.9 | 0.022 |
| No. of cases | ||||||||
| ≤1000 | 9 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 63.3 | 0.005 | 7 | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 61.3 | 0.017 |
| >1000 | 8 | 0.95 (0.94, 0.97) | 71 | 0.001 | 7 | 0.95 (0.92, 0.97) | 71.3 | 0.007 |
| Follow-up years | ||||||||
| ≤10 | 11 | 0.95 (0.92, 0.99) | 58.2 | 0.008 | 8 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 64.5 | 0.006 |
| >10 | 6 | 0.95 (0.93, 0.98) | 77.3 | 0.001 | 6 | 0.92 (0.87, 0.98) | 71.7 | 0.014 |
| Adjustments | ||||||||
| BMI | ||||||||
| Yes | 15 | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | 60.6 | 0.001 | 12 | 0.95 (0.92, 0.98) | 67.6 | 0.001 |
| No | 2 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.0 | 0.383 | 2 | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) | 0 | 0.530 |
| Energy intake | ||||||||
| Yes | 17 | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | 65.2 | <0.001 | 14 | 0.94 (0.92, 0.97) | 64.1 | 0.001 |
| No | 0 | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Yes | 14 | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | 69.3 | <0.001 | 12 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | 67.2 | 0.001 |
| No | 3 | 0.95 (0.89, 1.03) | 44 | 0.168 | 2 | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) | 66.8 | 0.083 |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Yes | 16 | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | 65.6 | <0.001 | 13 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | 65.8 | 0.001 |
| No | 1 | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) | — | — | 1 | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | — | — |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| Yes | 10 | 0.95 (0.92, 0.98) | 54.4 | 0.020 | 8 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | 46.5 | 0.070 |
| No | 7 | 0.96 (0.93, 0.98) | 75.8 | <0.001 | 6 | 1.01 (0.85, 1.19) | 80.6 | 0.001 |
1
P for heterogeneity within each subgroup estimated by the Cochran Q test.