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. 2022 Aug 10;13(6):2277–2295. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmac086

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Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition 2022.

This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.

PMC Copyright notice

Summary of subgroup meta-analyses and meta-regressions for effects of orally ingested probiotics on incidence, duration, and severity of RTIs in nonelderly adults. Subgroup results are presented as effect size [95% CI]. Meta-regression results are presented as β [95% CI]. Results shaded in green are statistically significant (P < 0.05) and those in yellow are not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05). Black shading indicates insufficient data for analysis. Subgroups were analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis using the DerSimonian and Laird inverse variance method. Meta-regression used the DerSimonian and Laird inverse variance method. See Supplemental Tables 5–10 for P values and measures of heterogeneity. Bifido., Bifidobacterium; ITT, intention-to-treat analysis; Lacto., Lactobacillus; PP, per-protocol analysis; RTI, respiratory tract infection.