TABLE 1.
Study characteristics of the 26 trials included in the analysis1
| Study | Country | Sex (male/female) | Age, y, mean ± SD QG/PG | Health status | Sample size (intervention/control) | Design/duration (mo) | Intervention type | Intervention | Treatment | Received industry funding? | Detection circulating CoQ10? | Outcome | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CoQ10 intake, mg/d | Control | Hypoglycemic2 | Hypotension3 | Hypolipidemic4 | |||||||||||
| Andersen et al. 1997 (27) | Denmark | QG:10/7 | QG:33.5 ± 2.0 | Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | 34 (17/17) | P/3 mo | Capsules | 100 | Placebo | Insulin 100.0 | NA | NA | Yes | No | SBP, DBP |
| PG:9/8 | PG:35.3 ± 2.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Chew et al. 2008 I (28) | Australia | QG:13/3 | QG:61.3 ± 4.1 | T2D5 | 36 (16/20) | P/6 mo | Capsules | 200 | Placebo | QG: 56.2 | QG:50.0 | QG:31.2 | Yes | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| PG:14/6 | PG:62.4 ± 8.8 | PG:75.0 | PG:65.0 | PG:25.0 | |||||||||||
| Chew et al. 2008 II (28) | Australia | F + CoQ10:13/6 | F + CoQ10:63.0 ± 9.4 | T2D5 | 38 (19/19) | P/6 mo | Capsules | 200 | F + placebo | QG:73.7 | QG:36.8 | QG:47.4 | Yes | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| F:13/6 | F:64.8 ± 7.3 | PG:75.0 | PG:65.0 | PG:25.0 | |||||||||||
| Eriksson et al. 1999 (29) | Finland | NA | QG:65 ± 5 | T2D | 23 (12/11) | P/6 mo | Capsules | 100 | Placebo | OHA or diet | NA | NA | Yes | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| PG:64 ± 7 | |||||||||||||||
| Gholami et al. 2019 (30) | Iran | 0/70 | QG:52.97 ± 1.04 | T2D5 | 70 (35/35) | P/3 mo | Capsules | 100 | Placebo | QG:48.6 | QG:100.0 | QG:100.0 | No | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| PG:53.68 ± 1.14 | PG:57.1 | PG:100.0 | PG:100.0 | ||||||||||||
| Hamilton et al. 2009 (31) | Australia | NA | 68 ± 6 | T2D5 | 46 (23/23) | C/3 mo | Capsules | 200 | Placebo | 83.0 | 52.0 | 100.0 | Yes | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| Henriksen et al. 1999 (32) | Denmark | QG:10/7 | QG:35.5 ± 8.2 | T1DM5 | 34 (17/17) | P/3 mo | Capsules | 100 | Placebo | NA | NA | NA | Yes | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| PG:9/8 | PG:35.3 ± 10.0 | ||||||||||||||
| Lim et al. 2008 (33) | Singapore | QG:17/23 | QG:54 ± 9 | T2D5 | 80 (40/40) | P/3 mo | Capsules | 200 | Placebo | QG:51.0 | QG:20.0 | QG:58.0 | Yes | No | SBP, DBP |
| PG:22/18 | PG:53 ± 9 | PG:51.0 | PG:23.0 | PG:58.0 | |||||||||||
| Rodriguez-Carrizalez et al. 2016 (34) | Mexico | QG:11/9 | QG:28.2 ± 3.7 | T2D | 40 (20/20) | P/6 mo | NA | 400 | Placebo | NA | NA | NA | No | No | SBP, DBP |
| PG:9/11 | G:29.3 ± 0.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Zarei et al. 2018 (12) | Iran | 0/68 | QG:53.1 ± 6.23 | T2D5 | 68 (34/34) | P/3 mo | Capsules | 100 | Placebo | QG:55.9 | QG:100.0 | QG:100.0 | No | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| PG:53.35 ± 6.56 | PG:66.7 | PG:100.0 | PG:100.0 | ||||||||||||
| Young et al. 2012 (35) | New Zealand | 30 (15/15) | 64 ± 3.9 | MetS5 | 60 (30/30) | C/3 mo | Capsules | 200 | Placebo | NA | 21.0 | NA | No | No | SBP, DBP |
| Hodgson et al. 2002 I (13) | Australia | F + CoQ10:14/5 | F + CoQ10:51.7 ± 6.97 | MetS5 | 37 (19/18) | P/3 mo | Capsules | 200 | F | NA | NA | QG:100.0 | No | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| F:14/4 | F:53.6 ± 10.18 | PG:100.0 | |||||||||||||
| Hodgson et al. 2002 II (13) | Australia | QG:17/2 | QG:52.3 ± 6.1 | MetS5 | 37 (19/18) | P/3 mo | Capsules | 200 | Placebo | NA | NA | NA | No | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| PG:13/5 | PG:55.2 ± 9.76 | ||||||||||||||
| Singh et al. 2018 (36) | India | QG:23/4 | QG:48.5 ± 9.5 | CVD | 55 (27/28) | P/6 mo | Capsules | 120 | B vitamins | NA | F | NA | Yes | No | SBP, DBP |
| PG:22/6 | PG:48.7 ± 9.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Playford et al. 2003 I (37) | Australia | F + CoQ10:14/6 | F + CoQ10:52.7 ± 8.05 | MetS5 | 40 (20/20) | P/3 mo | Capsules | 200 | F | OHA 27.5 | NA | NA | No | Yes | SBP |
| F:14/6 | F:53.5 ± 9.84 | ||||||||||||||
| Playford et al. 2003 II (37) | Australia | QG:18/2 | QG:52.7 ± 6.26 | MetS5 | 40 (20/20) | P/3 mo | Capsules | 200 | Placebo | OHA 27.5 | NA | NA | No | Yes | SBP |
| PG:15/5 | PG:54.7 ± 9.39 | ||||||||||||||
| Kamikawa et al. 1985 (38) | Japan | 10/2 | 55.5 ± 6.36 | CVD | 24 (12/12) | C/1 mo | NA | 150 | Placebo | NA | NA | NA | No | No | SBP |
| Dai et al. 2011 (39) | China | QG:27/1 | QG:67.7 ± 9.4 | CVD5 | 56 (28/28) | P/2 mo | Capsules | 300 | Placebo | NA | QG:89.3 | QG:96.4 | Yes | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| PG:25/3 | PG:70.1 ± 9.8 | PG:96.4 | PG:92.9 | ||||||||||||
| Mortensen et al. 2014 (40) | Denmark | QG:154/48 | QG:62.3 ± 12 | Chronic heart failure5 | 420 (202/218) | P/24 mo | Capsules | 300 | Placebo | QG:21.8 | QG:88.1 | QG:36.6 | No | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| PG:151/67 | PG:62.3 ± 11 | PG:23.4 | PG:89.4 | PG:35.3 | |||||||||||
| Kuhlman et al. 2019 (41) | Denmark | QG:14/4 | QG:62 ± 1 | Patient in primary prevention with simvastatin | 35 (18/17) | P/2 mo | Capsules | 400 | Placebo | NA | NA | QG:100.0 | Yes | No | SBP, DBP |
| PG:8/9 | PG:64 ± 2 | PG:100.0 | |||||||||||||
| Mohseni et al. 2014 (42) | Iran | 39/13 | QG:60 ± 4 | Hyperlipidemic5 | 52 (26/26) | P/3 mo | Capsules | 200 | Placebo | NA | QG:100.0 | QG:100.0 | No | No | SBP, DBP |
| PG:61 ± 3.5 | PG:100.0 | PG:100.0 | |||||||||||||
| Toth et al. 2017 (45) | Slovakia | QG:17/18 | QG:58.4 ± 13.8 | Dyslipidemia | 70 (35/35) | P/3 mo | NA | 200 | ω-3 PUFA | NA | NA | QG:100.0 | No | No | SBP, DBP |
| PG:18/17 | PG:61.96 ± 12.2 | PG:100.0 | |||||||||||||
| Zhang et al. 2018 (11) | China | QG:14/37 | QG:51.78 ± 8.92 | Dyslipidemia5 | 101 (51/50) | P/6 mo | Capsules | 120 | Placebo | QG:0.0 | QG:0.0 | QG:0.0 | No | No | SBP, DBP |
| PG:18/32 | PG:50.02 ± 10.91 | PG:0.0 | PG:0.0 | PG:0.0 | |||||||||||
| Burke et al. 2001 (44) | America | QG:21/18 | QG:69.7 ± 4.1 | Isolated systolic hypertension5 | 71 (39/32) | P/6 mo | Hydrosoluble Q-Gel | 120 | Vitamin E | NA | NA | QG:35.9 | No | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| PG:18/14 | PG:67.3 ± 3.4 | PG:31.3 | |||||||||||||
| Lee et al. 2011 (43) | Korea | QG:11/15 | QG:42.7 ± 11.3 | Obesity5 | 36 (17/19) | P/3 mo | NA | 200 | Placebo | NA | NA | QG:0.0 | No | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| PG:10/15 | PG:42.5 ± 11.2 | PG:0.0 | |||||||||||||
| Sedeh et al. 2018 (46) | Iran | 39/29 | 18–60 | T2D | 68 (34/34) | P/18 mo | Capsules | 100 | Placebo | NA | NA | NA | No | No | SBP, DBP |
| Yasser et al. 2021 (47) | Iraq | QG:14/14 | QG:59.2 ± 5.6 | Dyslipidemia | 52 (28/24) | P/3 mo | NA | 200 | Atorvastatin | NA | NA | QG:100.0 | No | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| PG:13/11 | PG:58.1 ± 7.1 | PG:100.0 | |||||||||||||
| Mortensen et al. 2019 (48) | European | QG:90/28 | QG:65.7 ± 10.0 | CVD | 85 (40/45) | P/24 mo | NA | 300 | Standard heart failure therapy | QG:25.0 | QG:92.0 | QG:57.0 | Yes | Yes | SBP, DBP |
| PG:87/36 | PG:64.0 ± 12.0 | PG:26.0 | PG:91.0 | PG:56.0 | |||||||||||
| Dawood et al. 2021 (49) | Iraq | 30/20 | 30–65 | Prehypertensive | 50 (25/25) | P/3 mo | NA | 200 | Placebo | NA | NA | NA | No | No | SBP, DBP |
1
C, crossover; CoQ10, coenzyme Q10; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; F, fenofibrate; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NA, not available; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; P, parallel; PG, placebo group; QG, CoQ10 group; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
2
Proportion of participants on hypoglycemic medications or other measurement.
3
Proportion of participants on hypotension medications.
4
Proportion of participants on hypolipidemic medications.
5
Participants were excluded due to supplementation contamination, such as CoQ10, vitamins, antioxidants etc., dietary supplementation.