TABLE 1.
List of biomarkers for various disease and intermediate mechanisms for various morbidities from systematic reviews and meta-analyses including cardiovascular, diabetes and weight, and other outcomes1
| Favorable | Neutral | Unfavorable | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood lipids | |||
| HDLs | (72) | (59), (85), (62), (69), (70), (71), (73), (77), (81), (90), (93), (99), (100), (101), (105), (66), (75), (109), (56) | (79) |
| LDLs | (62), (69), (70), (81), (93), (99), (100), (105), (75), (79), (56) | (71), (73), (77), (90), (101), (72), (66), (109) | — |
| Triglycerides | (59), (85), (62), (69), (70), (71), (77), (81), (93), (75), (56) | (59), (73), (81), (90), (99), (100), (101), (105), (72), (66), (79), (109) | — |
| Total cholesterol | (59), (62), (69), (70), (71), (81), (81), (93), (99), (100), (101), (105), (75), (79), (56) | (73), (77), (81), (90), (72), (66, 109) | — |
| Lipoprotein A | (106), (70) | — | — |
| ApoA | — | (62), (79) | — |
| ApoB | (62), (69), (79) | — | — |
| Endothelial function | |||
| Brachial artery diameter | (65) | — | — |
| Flow-mediated dilatation | (116), (86), (95), (108) | (85), (62), (65), (56) | — |
| Blood pressure | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (trials) | (55), (73), (78), (112), (66), (77) | (63), (69), (71), (80), (89), (72), (79), (109), (62), (85) | — |
| Diastolic blood pressure (trials) | (63), (78), (112), (77) | (85), (62), (69), (71), (73), (80), (89), (55), (72), (79), (109), (66) | — |
| Hypertension (observational) | (107), (41), (118) | — | — |
| Body composition and weight | |||
| Body composition | — | (74) | — |
| Body weight | (120), (121), (122), (123), (68, 87), (124) | (125), (124), (68), (115), (64), (74) | — |
| BMI | (123), (115), (124) | (121), (124), (68), (64), (74) | — |
| Energy intake | (125) | — | — |
| Fat mass | (68), (121) | (124), (68) | — |
| Overweight/obesity risk | (120), (121) | — | — |
| Waist circumference | (120), (124) | (60), (121), (68), (115), (64), (74) | — |
| Hunger and fullness | |||
| Fullness | — | (125) | — |
| Hunger | (125) | — | — |
| Leptin | (84) | — | — |
| Glucose and insulin | |||
| Fasting blood glucose | (60), (97), (98), (60), (123), (88) | (74) | — |
| Glycemic control | (88), (114), (123) | — | — |
| Insulin sensitivity | (98) | — | — |
| Fasting plasma insulin | (98) | (97) | — |
| Adiponectin | — | (84), (94) | — |
| HOMA-IR | (123), (88) | (74) | — |
| HbA1c | (97), (98), (88) | — | |
| Glycemic indices | (92) | (74), (92) | — |
| Inflammation | |||
| C-reactive protein | (58), (102) | (84), (95), (102), (103), (113) | — |
| TNF-α | (58), (102) | (84), (95) | — |
| IL-6, IL-10 | (58) | (84), (95), (102) | — |
| Vascular, intercellular, andendothelial-leukocyte celladhesion proteins 1 (VCAM-1,ICAM-1, E-selectin) | (58) | (95) | — |
| Antioxidant defense system | (67), (129) | — | — |
| Gut microbiota | |||
| Fecal microbiota | — | (24), (25) | — |
| Cognitive function | |||
| Cognitive performance | (54) | (110) | — |
1
Studies are categorized based on biomarker change [favorable/reduced disease risk, neutral (no significant change), or unfavorable/increased risk], and listed by reference number. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.