Table 2.
Overview of associated anomalies.
| Type of Anomaly | Total N = 112 (%) | Atresia N = 41 | Annular Pancreas N = 34 | Web/Membrane N = 37 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of associated anomalies | 53 (47%) | 17 (42%) | 14 (41%) | 22 (60%) |
| Single | 33 (68%) | 9 (53%) | 8 (57%) | 16 (73%) |
| Multiple | 20 (32%) | 8 (47%) | 6 (43%) | 6 (27%) |
| Cardiovascular | 35 (31%) | 8 (20%) | 11 (32%) | 16 (43%) |
| Atrial septal defect | 7 (20%) | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| Ventricular septal defect | 6 (17%) | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Atrioventricular septal defect | 13 (37%) | 1 | 6 | 6 |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 3 (9%) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Persistent ductus arteriosus | 3 (9%) | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Kommerell diverticula | 1 (3%) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Isomerism of atrial appendages | 2 (6%) | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Vertebral | 12 (11%) | 5 (12%) | 3 (9%) | 4 (11%) |
| Scoliosis | 4 (33%) | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Sacral anomaly | 3 (25%) | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| Anomaly of vertebrae | 5 (42%) | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Deviating amount of ribs | 3 (25%) | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Renal | 6 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (12%) | 1 (3%) |
| Pelviureteric junction stenosis | 1 (16.6%) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mono kidney | 1 (16.6%) | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Horseshoe kidney | 1 (16.6%) | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Lobulated kidney | 1 (16.6%) | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Shriveled kidney | 1 (16.6%) | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Extra renal pyelum | 1 (16.6%) | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Genito-urinary tract | 5 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (6%) | 2 (5%) |
| Hypospadia | 2 (40%) | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Uretral obstruction | 1 (20%) | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Neurogenic bladder in ARM | 2 (40%) | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Eye, ear and neck | 7 (6%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (3%) | 5 (13%) |
| Hearing loss | 6 (86%) | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Nystagmus | 1 (14%) | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Esophageal | 3 (3%) | 3 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Esophageal atresia with fistula | 3 (100%) | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Respiratory tract | 10 (9%) | 3 (7%) | 2 (6%) | 5 (14%) |
| Tracheomalacia | 3 (30%) | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Bronchomalacia | 4 (40%) | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Tracheobronchomalacia | 2 (20%) | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 1 (10%) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Anus | 5 (5%) | 3 (7%) | 1 (3%) | 1 (3%) |
| Anorectal malformation | 5 (100%) | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Limbs | 10 (9%) | 4 (10%) | 3 (9%) | 3 (8%) |
| Syndactyly | 1 (10%) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Clinodactyly | 1 (10%) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Anomaly of the thumb | 3 (30%) | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Hypoplasia forearm | 2 (20%) | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Clubfoot | 2 (20%) | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Cleft, lip and palate | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) |
| Palatoschisis | 1 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Nervous system | 2 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) |
| Microcephaly | 2 (100%) | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Other | 2 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) |
| Polysplenia | 2 (100%) | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Genetics | 42 (38%) | 10 (24%) | 14 (41%) | 19 (50%) |
| Trisomy 21 | 35 (85.6%) | 9 | 13 | 15 |
| Fanconi syndrome | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Feingold syndrome | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Cornelia de Lange syndrome | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 22q11 microdeletion | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Heterotaxie syndrome | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MCT1 gene defect | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| VACTERL association | 4 (4%) | 2 (5%) | 1 (3%) | 1 (3%) |
| STRICT-VACTERL | 1 (25%) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| VACTERL-LIKE | 3 (75%) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| VACTERL-PLUS | 0 (0%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
N = Number. ARM = anorectal malformation. VACTERL = vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac anomalies, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal anomalies, limb abnormalities [10].