Table 4.
Effect sizes, heterogeneity statistics and results for publication bias on the association between influenza vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as clinical outcomes.
| Outcomes | No. of Studies | Adjusted Estimates (95% CI) | p-Value | I2 Value (%) | Bias (p-Value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 infection | 22 | 0.80 (0.75–0.86) | <0.01 | 70.1 | Begg’s test: 0.82 Egger’s test: 0.19 |
| Hospitalization | 15 | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | <0.01 | 95.1 | Begg’s test: 0.55 Egger’s test: 0.62 |
| Mechanical Ventilation/invasive respiratory support | 4 | 0.73 (0.58–0.92) | 0.01 | 42.4 | Begg’s test: 0.73 Egger’s test: 0.21 |
| Intensive care unit admission | 11 | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) | 0.40 | 86.0 | Begg’s test: 0.76 Egger’s test: 0.14 |
| Mortality | 18 | 0.90 (0.81–1.01) | 0.07 | 78.2 | Begg’s test: 0.82 Egger’s test: 0.07 |