Table 7.

Effect sizes, heterogeneity statistics and results for publication bias of the association between pneumococcal vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcomes.

Outcomes	No. of Studies	Adjusted Estimates (95% CI)	p-Value	I2 value (%)	Bias (p-Value)
SARS-CoV-2 infection	10	0.70 (0.57–0.88)	<0.01	47.2	Begg’s test: 0.37 Egger’s test: 0.11
Hospitalization	4	1.47 (1.30–1.67)	<0.01	11.4	Begg’s test: 0.09 Egger’s test: 0.05
Intensive care unit admission	3	0.99 (0.60- 1.64)	0.96	0.0	Begg’s test: 0.30 Egger’s test: 0.30