Table 2.
Results of multinomial logistic regression analysis regarding the environmental effect on preadolescents’ likelihood of consuming junk foods.
| Categories of Preadolescents’ Junk Food Consumption | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate vs. Low | High vs. Low | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |||
| Influence of family environment | ||||||||
| Frequency of parental junk food consumption (Ref: High) | Low | 0.57 | 0.36–0.90 | 0.016 | 0.14 | 0.09–0.23 | <0.001 | |
| Moderate | 0.93 | 0.58–1.48 | 0.753 | 0.27 | 0.17–0.45 | <0.001 | ||
| Parents tend to eat outside (Ref: Yes) | No | 0.94 | 0.71–1.25 | 0.660 | 0.71 | 0.53–0.96 | 0.026 | |
| Parents tend to order food from outside (Ref: Yes) | No | 0.69 | 0.52–0.90 | 0.007 | 0.55 | 0.41–0.74 | <0.001 | |
| Parental level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Ref: Away) | Close/Very close | 0.88 | 0.65–1.19 | 0.408 | 0.30 | 0.22–0.42 | <0.001 | |
| Parents’ obesity status (Ref: At least one parent obese) | Both parents normal- weight | 0.55 | 0.29–1.04 | 0.067 | 0.49 | 0.25–0.94 | 0.033 | |
| Frequency of family meals (Ref: Less than 2 times/week) | At least 2 times/week | 0.86 | 0.63–1.19 | 0.365 | 0.58 | 0.43–0.79 | 0.001 | |
| Influence of school, social and advertising environment | ||||||||
| Influence from teachers (Ref: No) | Yes | 0.83 | 0.65–1.08 | 0.160 | 0.69 | 0.52–0.92 | 0.010 | |
| Influence from classmates (Ref: No) | Yes | 1.10 | 0.84–1.43 | 0.490 | 1.16 | 0.86–1.59 | 0.330 | |
| Participation in sports activities outside school (Ref: No) | Yes | 0.83 | 0.62–1.12 | 0.227 | 0.55 | 0.41–0.74 | <0.001 | |
| Influence from Advertisements (Ref: No) | Yes | 1.15 | 0.63–1.21 | 0.420 | 1.45 | 1.02–2.08 | 0.039 | |
Notes: Results are presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). All models were adjusted for children’s age and sex, as well as for parents’ age, sex, BMI, physical activity, education level, income status and level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet.