Table 1.
Summary of included studies.
| Author, Year, Country | Sample Characteristics | Measurement | Main Outcomes | Risk Assessment Score | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Sample Size | Type of Disability | Family Influence | Dental Caries | |||
| [23]; Saudi Arabia | 6–18 years | 75 | Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | Self-developed (Self-dev), pilot tested Not tested for validity and reliability |
dmft, DMFT | Caries prevalence; primary teeth (76%), permanent teeth (68%) | Good |
| [32]; Brazil | 1–9 years | 128 | Multiple | FIS | dmft, DMFT | Caries prevalence; (44.5%) | Good |
| [24]; Taiwan | 6–12 years | 535 | Multiple | Self-administered (self-ad) questionnaire, adapted Validated but not reported |
dmft, DMFT | Caries prevalence; (58.69%) Children who brushed their teeth by themselves had statistically significantly lower caries prevalence (35.216%) than those children who brushed teeth by themselves. Parents with both high education level would have lesser dt + DT, deft + DMFT indices and caries prevalence than children of the parents with lower education level. Parents’ occupation levels also showed that the children of parents with both high skilled levels had lower, and significantly lower dt + DT, deft + DMFT indices and caries prevalence (p = 0.0061) than the children of the parents with both unskilled levels. |
Good |
| [25]; India | Mean age: 13.85 years | 223 | N/M | Self-dev questionnaire, pilot tested Validity and reliability are not reported |
DMFT | Caries prevalence; (68.6%) Statistically significant association between dental visit and brushing frequency with dental caries. No significant association between brushing assistance + sugar consumption (with meals and in between meals) with dental caries. |
Poor |
| [33]; Brazil | 3–18 years | 151 | Medical condition (MD), Intellectual disability (ID) | PHQ, AUDIT, FTND | DMFT | No statistically significant association between tobacco use and alcohol with dental caries. No statistically significant association between depression and alcohol abuse. Significant positive correlation between dental treatment needs and caregivers’ tobacco use. |
Fair |
| [26]; Pakistan | 6–18 years | 196 | deaf, ID, down syndrome (DS), ASD, vision, cerebral palsy (CP) | Self-ad questionnaire adapted from other study. Validity and reliability are not reported. |
dmft, DMFT | Caries prevalence; (58.2%) No significant association frequency of tooth brushing and the presence of dental caries. No significant association was found between dental caries status and supervised tooth brushing. |
Good |
| [35]; South Africa | Mean age: 8.7 ± 6.07 years | 150 | CP, hydrocephalus, ASD, epilepsy, and Global developmental delays (GDD) | P-CPQ | dmft, DMFT | Caries prevalence; (42%) The number of teeth affected by dental caries in the primary dentition was significantly correlated with oral symptoms, functional limitations, and social well-being domains. |
Good |
| [30]; Indonesia | N/M | 40 | N/R | ECOHIS, SOHO- 5, OHRQoL-C5, COIDP, COHRQoL, P-CPQ | dft, DMFT | Caries prevalence; 100% | Poor |
| [27]; Taiwan | 6–12 years | 484 | Multiple | Self-reported questionnaire. Validity and reliability are not reported. |
ds + Ds | Children who asked for sweets, frequently had sweets, had independent tooth-brushing abilities, or infrequently brushed their teeth every day tended to have statistically significantly higher decayed teeth. | Fair |
| [22]; Indonesia | ≤12 years old and ≥13 years | 70 | ASD | Self-ad questionnaire. High test–retest reliability (>0.70) was noted for all variables in the questionnaire reported by the parent- carer and the results of the oral examination of the kids. |
dft, DMFT | Caries prevalence; (78.6%) Children who finished brushing due to kids rejection, had snacking frequency twice a day or more, did nothing after eating snack and only visited a dentist for a problem, have significantly higher caries both measured as DMF-T/dmf-t compared to who finished brushing due to carer’s clean standard, had limited snacking frequency, had a habit of drinking water or brushing the teeth after eating snack, and visited a dentist for a check-up, respectively. Snacking frequency was significantly associated with increased number of teeth experiencing caries. |
Good |
| [34]; Brazil | 2–6 years | 67 | Multiple | WHOQOL–BREF, self-ad questionnaire, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale | dft | Mothers who reported worse conditions of physical and psychological domains, included in 18-43 age group showed a higher number of children with dmft > 0 (25.6%). Families consisting of four or more people have more children with dmft index > 0 (31.4%) when compared to families with fewer people. Children who brush their teeth by themselves (33.3%) have higher dmft index, compared with those who receive help from an adult to do it (23.9%). 96% of children had already seen a dentist, who gave their mothers information on prevention of oral diseases, although 23.4% of the children had presented dmft > 0 index. |
Good |
| [31]; Hong Kong | 2–6 years | 383 | Multiple | Self-ad questionnaire. Validity and reliability are not reported. |
dmfs | Caries prevalence; (30.3%) | Good |
| [37]; Bangladesh | 2–17 years | 90 | CP | CPQ, FIS | dmft, DMFT | Caries prevalence; (52.2%) Significant associations with dental caries experience and FIS parents reports of ‘felt frequently guilty’ (p = 0.001) and ‘being upset’ (p = 0.0001) Dental caries experience was significantly associated with CPQ and FIS scores among children and adolescents with CP; especially in those children and adolescents who reported feeling upset frequently (p = 0.02). |
Good |
| [29]; China | 12–17 years | 450 | Multiple | Self-ad questionnaire. Validity and reliability are not reported. |
DMFT | Caries prevalence; (53.5%) | Good |
N/M: Not mentioned; N/R: Not reported.