Table 1.
Author, Year, Country | Study/Period | Sample | Setting | Depression Screening Tool | Type of Chronic Disease | Depression Mean (SD)/Median (IQR)/Prevalence |
EL/RG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abdelghani et al., [34] 2021, Egypt | Cross-sectional June–September 2020 | N = 200 Mean age: 48.4 (13.7) Female: 63% Mean duration of DM: 6.2 (5.3) years |
Endocrinology outpatient clinic | HADS (range: 0–21, score of ≤ 7: normal, 8–10: mild, 11–14: moderate, ≥15: severe depression, cut-off score for depression ≥11) |
T1D T2D |
8.9 (4.5) | 2b/B |
Abdoli et al., [38], 2021, US, Brazil, and Iran | Cross-sectional April–June 2020 |
N = 1788 US (n = 1099) a Brazil (n = 477) b Iran (n = 212) c Age > 18 years Female: 78.28% |
Web-based survey | PHQ-8 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
T1D | Moderate–severe US: 26.4% a Brazil: 52.8% b Iran: 60.9% c |
2b/B |
Ahmed et al., [49], 2022, Sudan | Cross-sectional | DM n = 89 Hypertension n = 86 Age > 24 years |
Primary healthcare centers | PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
DM Hypertension |
DMMinimal: 33.33% Mild: 32.22% Moderate: 14.44% Moderate–severe: 8.89% Severe: 10% HypertensionMinimal: 32.56% Mild: 26.74% Moderate: 4.42% Moderate–severe: 11.63% Severe: 4.65% |
2b/B |
Ajele et al., [35], 2022, Nigeria | Cross-sectional April–July 2021 | N = 223 Mean age: 53.26 (11.05) Female: 26% |
Outpatient clinic | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (score of 0–60, cut-off score for depression ≥ 16) |
T1D T2D |
36.24 (27.16) | 2b/B |
Alaqeel et al., [39], 2021, Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional October 2020–April 2021 |
N = 148 Aged 8–16 years Female: 53.4% Duration of DM > 6 months |
Outpatient clinic | Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) (score of 0–54, ≥15: clinical depression symptoms) |
T1D | Mild: 80% Moderate: 12.5% Severe: 7.5% |
2b/B |
Alkhormi et al., [50], 2022, Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional August–February 2022 |
N = 375 Female: 51.7% |
Diabetic center + primary healthcare centers | PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
T2D | Normal: 46% Moderate–severe: 54% |
2b/B |
Basit et al., [40], 2021, Pakistan | Cross-sectional August–September 2020 |
N = 380 Mean age: 51.93 (12.03) Female: 46.05% |
Institute of diabetology and endocrinology | PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
T2D | None/minimal: 74.74% Mild: 22.63% Moderate: 2.63% |
2b/B |
Brown et al., [51], 2021, UK | Cross-sectional May–July 2020 |
N = 420 Mean age: 51.6 (9.9) Female: 87.8% |
Online survey | PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
Obesity | 13.4 (7) Minimal: 15.2% Mild: 20.5% Moderate: 27.6% Moderately severe: 22.4% Severe: 14.3% |
2b/B |
Celik et al., [52], 2021, Turkey | Cross-sectional | N = 142 Mean age: 53.7 Female: 45% |
Outpatient clinic | HADS (range of 0–21, score of ≤ 7: normal, 8–10: mild, 11–14: moderate, ≥15: severe depression, cut-off score for depression ≥11) |
Hypertension | 6.35 (2.58) Moderate–severe: 18.3% |
2b/B |
Chao et al., [30], 2021, US | Longitudinal July–December 2020 |
N = 2829 Mean age: 75.6 (6) Female: 63.2% |
Health center | PHQ-8 (0–4 minimal, 5–9 mild, 10–14 moderate, 15–19 moderately severe, 20–27 severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
T2D | 3.5 (4.0) None/minimal: 69.6% Mild: 21.9% Moderate: 6% Moderate–severe/severe: 2.5% |
2b/B |
Choudhary et al., [42], 2022, US | Longitudinal 2019–2020 |
N = 5732 Mean age: 13.8 (3.6) Female: 47.2% |
Pediatric unit | PHQ-9 (0–4 minimal, 5–9 mild, 10–14 moderate, 15–19 moderately severe, 20–27 severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
T1D | No difference between the 2019 and 2020 groups in PHQ-9 scores | 2b/B |
Cusinato et al., [45], 2021, Italy | Longitudinal March–April 2020 |
N = 117 Mean age: 15.9 (2.3) Female: 44% Mean duration of DM: 7.9 (4.6) years |
Pediatric diabetes unit | Test of Depression and Anxiety Scale (TAD) (score of ≥115: clinical depressive symptoms) |
T1D | 16% | 2b/B |
D’Addario et al., [53], 2021, Italy | Longitudinal May–August 2020 |
N = 105 Mean age: 69.6 (5.8) Female: 39.4% Hypertension diagnosis >10 years: 76% |
Telephone survey | HADS (range of 0–21, score of ≤ 7: normal, 8–10: mild, 11–14: moderate, ≥15: severe depression, cut-off score for depression ≥11) |
Hypertension | 3.1 (3.4) | 2b/B |
Deger et al., [54], 2021, Turkey | Longitudinal June–August 2020 |
N = 368 Age: 18–55 years Female: 78.8% |
Outpatient clinic | PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
Obesity | Male: 15.26 (7.28) Female: 16.10 (7.44) Moderate–severe/severe: 60.1% |
2b/B |
Distaso et al., [55] 2022, UK | Cross-sectional January–March 2021 |
N = 369 Mean age: 50.5 (16) years Female: 52.9% |
Diabetes clinics |
PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
T1D T2D |
7.28 (2–10) Moderate/moderate–severe/severe: 27.6% |
2b/B |
Durukan et al., [56], 2022, Turkey | Cross-sectional June–September 2020 |
N = 40 Mean age: 51.1 (6.9) Female: 22% |
Outpatient clinic | HADS (range of 0–21, score of ≤ 7: normal, 8–10: mild, 11–14: moderate, ≥15: severe depression, cut-off score for depression ≥11) |
Hypertension | 6.5 (4.0) Mild: 22% Moderate: 12.5% Severe: 5% |
2b/B |
Kim & Kim, [46], 2022, Korea | Cross-sectional August–October 2020 |
N = 26695 Age > 19 years Female: 50.8% Mean duration of DM: > 5 years 57.5% |
Nationwide health survey | PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
DM | Minimal/mild: 95.8% Moderate/moderately severe/severe: 4.2% |
2b/B |
Kim et al., [33], 2022, US | Cross-sectional June–December 2020 |
N = 84 Mean age: 68.46 (5.41) Female: 54.76% Mean duration of DM: 13.89 (7.53) years |
Online survey | PROMIS—Depression (55: mild, 60: moderate, 65: moderately severe, 70: severe depression) |
T2D | 48.92 (8.10) | 2b/B |
Magliah et al., [47], 2021, Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional June 2020 |
N = 65 Mean age: 30 (7.88) Female: 70.8% Mean duration of DM: 17.67 (6.89) years |
Web survey | PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
T1D | None/minimal: 47.7% Mild: 29.2% Moderate: 15.4% Moderately severe: 6.2% Severe: 1.5% |
2b/B |
Moradian et al., [48], 2021, Germany | Cross-sectional April–June 2020 |
N = 253 Age ≥ 18 years Female: 74.3% |
Online survey | PHQ-2 (ranges of 0–6, cut-off score for depression ≥3) |
T1D T2D |
Major depression symptoms Before COVID-19 outbreak: 11.9% After COVID-19 outbreak: 21.3% |
2b/B |
Musche et al., [29], 2021, Germany | Cross-sectional April–June 2020 |
N = 253 * Age > 18 years Female: 74.3% |
Online survey | PHQ-2 (ranges of 0–6, cut-off score for depression ≥3) |
T1D T2D |
1.50 (1.75) Major depression symptoms T1D: 19.5% T2D: 25.7% |
2b/B |
Myers et al., [32], 2021, US | Longitudinal May–June 2020 |
N = 401 Mean age: 51.46 Female: 70.57% Mean duration of DM: 18.3 (9.9) years |
Online survey | PHQ-8 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
T1D T2D |
T1D7.99 (5.20) None/minima:l 21.98% Mild: 45.05% Moderate: 20.88% Moderately severe: 12.09% T2D 7.72 (5.92) None/minimal: 31.80% Mild: 32.16% Moderate: 19.08% Moderately severe: 16.96% |
2b/B |
Piskorz et al., [57], 2021, Latin American Countries | Cross-sectional June–July 2020 |
DM n = 899 Hypertension n = 3071 Dyslipidemia n= 1555 Age > 18 years |
Online survey | DSM-5 | DM Hypertension Dyslipidemia |
DM 40% Hypertension: 37.64% Dyslipidemia: 38.52% |
2b/B |
Rechenberg & Koerner, [37], 2022, US | Cross-sectional | N = 146 Female: 42.2% Age: 13–17 years |
Online survey | PHQ-2 (ranges of 0–6, cut-off score for depression ≥3) |
T1D | 2.75 (1.75) | 2b/B |
Sacre et al., [28], 2021, Australia | Longitudinal April 2020 |
N = 450 Mean age: 66 (9) Female: 31% Mean duration of DM: 12 years |
Phone or online survey | PHQ-8 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
T2D | Pre-COVID-19 = 2.7 (2.4–3.0) Moderate/moderately severe/severe: 5.3% COVID-19 = 2.7 (2.4–3.0) Moderate/moderately severe/severe: 5.6% |
2b/B |
Sayed et al. [44], 2022, Egypt | Cross-sectional September 2020–June 2021 |
N = 403 Mean age: 46 (11.5) years Female: 59.1% |
Primary care | PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
T2D | Moderate/moderate–severe/severe: 9.2% | 2b/B |
Shin et al. [58], 2021, Korea | Cross-sectional April–July 2020 |
N = 233 Mean age: 73.8 (5.7) Female: 59.3% Mean duration of DM: 17.7 (8.8) years |
Outpatient clinic | PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
T2D | 3.1 (3.6) Minimal: 73.7% Mild: 22% Moderate: 2.1% Moderate–severe: 2.1% Severe: 0% |
2b/B |
Silveira et al., [43], 2021, Brazil | Cross-sectional May–July 2020 |
N = 477 Mean age: 30.52 (9.22) Female: 83% Mean duration of DM: 15.29 (9.79) years |
Web-based survey | PHQ-8 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
T1D | None/mild: 42.9% Moderate/moderate–severe/severe: 57.1% |
2b/B |
Sisman et al., [27], 2021, Turkey | Cross-sectional | N = 304 Mean age: 42.1 (15.5) Female: 56% Mean duration of DM: 10.3 (8.5) years |
Web-based survey | HADS (score of ≤ 7: normal, 8–10: mild, 11–14: moderate, ≥15: severe depression, cut-off score for depression ≥11) |
T1D T2D |
6.2 (4) Mild/moderate/severe: 33.9% |
2b/B |
Souza et al., [41], 2021, Brazil | Cross-sectional April–May 2020 |
N = 162 Mean age: 42.5 (15.4) Female: 69.8% |
Online survey | DASS-21 (score of 0–9: normal, 10–13: mild, 14–20: moderate, 21–27: severe, >27: extremely severe depression) |
DM | Normal: 54.9% Mild: 12.3% Moderate: 12.3% Severe: 6.2% Extreme: 14.2% |
2b/B |
Tasnim et al., [31], 2021, Bangladesh | Cross-sectional November 2020–January 2021 |
DM n = 436 Hypertension n = 366 Obesity n = 193 Mean age: 42.29 (15.86) Female: 49.9% |
Online survey | PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
DM Hypertension Obesity |
DM 7.49 (6.53) Hypertension: 8.99 (6.76) Obesity: 9.62 (7.06) |
2b/B |
Wańkowicz et al., [36], 2021, Poland | Cross-sectional May 2020 |
N = 879 Age > 18 years |
Inpatient units and outpatient clinics | PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
Hypertension DM Dyslipidemia |
Hypertension: 11.51 (5.45) DM: 11.80 (4.61) Dyslipidemia: 12.08 (5.73) |
2b/B |
Yazıcı et al., [59], 2022, Turkey | Longitudinal March 2020 |
N = 422 Mean age: 45 (12.7) Female: 84% |
Online survey | PHQ-9 (0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10) |
Hypertension | 7.7 (5.9) Moderate/severe: 28.4% |
2b/B |
* Same sample as Moradian et al. 2021. DASS-21 = Stress, Anxiety and Depression Scale; DM = diabetes mellitus; DSM-5 = Diagnosis Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition; EL = evidence level; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IG = intervention group; IQR = interquartile range; PHQ-2= Patient Health Questionnaire—2; PHQ-8 = 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-9 = 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PROMIS = Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; RG = recommendation grade; T1D = type 1 diabetes; T2D = type 2 diabetes; SD = standard deviation.