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. 2022 Dec 8;12(12):3094. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12123094

Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies (n = 33).

Author, Year, Country Study/Period Sample Setting Depression Screening Tool Type of Chronic Disease Depression
Mean (SD)/Median
(IQR)/Prevalence
EL/RG
Abdelghani et al., [34] 2021, Egypt Cross-sectional June–September 2020 N = 200
Mean age: 48.4 (13.7)
Female: 63%
Mean duration of DM: 6.2 (5.3) years
Endocrinology outpatient clinic HADS
(range: 0–21, score of ≤ 7: normal, 8–10: mild, 11–14: moderate, ≥15: severe depression, cut-off score for depression ≥11)
T1D
T2D
8.9 (4.5) 2b/B
Abdoli et al., [38], 2021, US, Brazil, and Iran Cross-sectional
April–June 2020
N = 1788
US (n = 1099) a
Brazil (n = 477) b
Iran (n = 212) c
Age > 18 years
Female: 78.28%
Web-based survey PHQ-8
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
T1D Moderate–severe
US: 26.4% a
Brazil: 52.8% b
Iran: 60.9% c
2b/B
Ahmed et al., [49], 2022, Sudan Cross-sectional DM n = 89
Hypertension n = 86
Age > 24 years
Primary healthcare centers PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
DM
Hypertension
DMMinimal: 33.33%
Mild: 32.22%
Moderate: 14.44%
Moderate–severe: 8.89%
Severe: 10%
HypertensionMinimal: 32.56%
Mild: 26.74%
Moderate: 4.42%
Moderate–severe: 11.63%
Severe: 4.65%
2b/B
Ajele et al., [35], 2022, Nigeria Cross-sectional April–July 2021 N = 223
Mean age: 53.26 (11.05)
Female: 26%
Outpatient clinic Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
(score of 0–60, cut-off score for depression ≥ 16)
T1D
T2D
36.24 (27.16) 2b/B
Alaqeel et al., [39], 2021, Saudi Arabia Cross-sectional
October 2020–April 2021
N = 148
Aged 8–16 years
Female: 53.4%
Duration of DM > 6 months
Outpatient clinic Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI)
(score of 0–54, ≥15: clinical depression symptoms)
T1D Mild: 80%
Moderate: 12.5%
Severe: 7.5%
2b/B
Alkhormi et al., [50], 2022, Saudi Arabia Cross-sectional
August–February 2022
N = 375
Female: 51.7%
Diabetic center + primary healthcare centers PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
T2D Normal: 46%
Moderate–severe: 54%
2b/B
Basit et al., [40], 2021, Pakistan Cross-sectional
August–September 2020
N = 380
Mean age: 51.93 (12.03)
Female: 46.05%
Institute of diabetology and endocrinology PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
T2D None/minimal: 74.74%
Mild: 22.63%
Moderate: 2.63%
2b/B
Brown et al., [51], 2021, UK Cross-sectional
May–July 2020
N = 420
Mean age: 51.6 (9.9)
Female: 87.8%
Online survey PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
Obesity 13.4 (7)
Minimal: 15.2%
Mild: 20.5%
Moderate: 27.6%
Moderately severe: 22.4%
Severe: 14.3%
2b/B
Celik et al., [52], 2021, Turkey Cross-sectional N = 142
Mean age: 53.7
Female: 45%
Outpatient clinic HADS
(range of 0–21, score of ≤ 7: normal, 8–10: mild, 11–14: moderate, ≥15: severe depression, cut-off score for depression ≥11)
Hypertension 6.35 (2.58)
Moderate–severe: 18.3%
2b/B
Chao et al., [30], 2021, US Longitudinal
July–December 2020
N = 2829
Mean age: 75.6 (6)
Female: 63.2%
Health center PHQ-8
(0–4 minimal, 5–9 mild, 10–14 moderate, 15–19 moderately severe, 20–27 severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
T2D 3.5 (4.0)
None/minimal: 69.6%
Mild: 21.9%
Moderate: 6%
Moderate–severe/severe: 2.5%
2b/B
Choudhary et al., [42], 2022, US Longitudinal
2019–2020
N = 5732
Mean age: 13.8 (3.6)
Female: 47.2%
Pediatric unit PHQ-9
(0–4 minimal, 5–9 mild, 10–14 moderate, 15–19 moderately severe, 20–27 severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
T1D No difference between the 2019 and 2020 groups in PHQ-9 scores 2b/B
Cusinato et al., [45], 2021, Italy Longitudinal
March–April 2020
N = 117
Mean age: 15.9 (2.3)
Female: 44%
Mean duration of DM: 7.9 (4.6) years
Pediatric diabetes unit Test of Depression and Anxiety Scale (TAD)
(score of ≥115: clinical depressive symptoms)
T1D 16% 2b/B
D’Addario et al., [53], 2021, Italy Longitudinal
May–August 2020
N = 105
Mean age: 69.6 (5.8)
Female: 39.4%
Hypertension diagnosis >10 years: 76%
Telephone survey HADS
(range of 0–21, score of ≤ 7: normal, 8–10: mild, 11–14: moderate, ≥15: severe depression, cut-off score for depression ≥11)
Hypertension 3.1 (3.4) 2b/B
Deger et al., [54], 2021, Turkey Longitudinal
June–August 2020
N = 368
Age: 18–55 years
Female: 78.8%
Outpatient clinic PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
Obesity Male: 15.26 (7.28)
Female: 16.10 (7.44)
Moderate–severe/severe: 60.1%
2b/B
Distaso et al., [55] 2022, UK Cross-sectional
January–March 2021
N = 369
Mean age: 50.5 (16) years
Female: 52.9%
Diabetes
clinics
PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
T1D
T2D
7.28 (2–10)
Moderate/moderate–severe/severe: 27.6%
2b/B
Durukan et al., [56], 2022, Turkey Cross-sectional
June–September 2020
N = 40
Mean age: 51.1 (6.9)
Female: 22%
Outpatient clinic HADS
(range of 0–21, score of ≤ 7: normal, 8–10: mild, 11–14: moderate, ≥15: severe depression, cut-off score for depression ≥11)
Hypertension 6.5 (4.0)
Mild: 22%
Moderate: 12.5%
Severe: 5%
2b/B
Kim & Kim, [46], 2022, Korea Cross-sectional
August–October 2020
N = 26695
Age > 19 years
Female: 50.8%
Mean duration of DM: > 5 years 57.5%
Nationwide health survey PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
DM Minimal/mild: 95.8%
Moderate/moderately severe/severe: 4.2%
2b/B
Kim et al., [33], 2022, US Cross-sectional
June–December 2020
N = 84
Mean age: 68.46 (5.41)
Female: 54.76%
Mean duration of DM: 13.89 (7.53) years
Online survey PROMIS—Depression
(55: mild, 60: moderate, 65: moderately severe, 70: severe depression)
T2D 48.92 (8.10) 2b/B
Magliah et al., [47], 2021, Saudi Arabia Cross-sectional
June 2020
N = 65
Mean age: 30 (7.88)
Female: 70.8%
Mean duration of DM: 17.67 (6.89) years
Web survey PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
T1D None/minimal: 47.7%
Mild: 29.2%
Moderate: 15.4%
Moderately severe: 6.2%
Severe: 1.5%
2b/B
Moradian et al., [48], 2021, Germany Cross-sectional
April–June 2020
N = 253
Age ≥ 18 years
Female: 74.3%
Online survey PHQ-2
(ranges of 0–6, cut-off score for depression ≥3)
T1D
T2D
Major depression symptoms
Before COVID-19 outbreak: 11.9%
After COVID-19 outbreak: 21.3%
2b/B
Musche et al., [29], 2021, Germany Cross-sectional
April–June 2020
N = 253 *
Age > 18 years
Female: 74.3%
Online survey PHQ-2
(ranges of 0–6, cut-off score for depression ≥3)
T1D
T2D
1.50 (1.75)
Major depression symptoms
T1D: 19.5%
T2D: 25.7%
2b/B
Myers et al., [32], 2021, US Longitudinal
May–June 2020
N = 401
Mean age: 51.46
Female: 70.57%
Mean duration of DM: 18.3 (9.9) years
Online survey PHQ-8
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
T1D
T2D
T1D7.99 (5.20)
None/minima:l 21.98%
Mild: 45.05%
Moderate: 20.88%
Moderately severe: 12.09%
T2D 7.72 (5.92)
None/minimal: 31.80%
Mild: 32.16%
Moderate: 19.08%
Moderately severe: 16.96%
2b/B
Piskorz et al., [57], 2021, Latin American Countries Cross-sectional
June–July 2020
DM n = 899
Hypertension n = 3071 Dyslipidemia n= 1555
Age > 18 years
Online survey DSM-5 DM
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
DM 40%
Hypertension: 37.64%
Dyslipidemia: 38.52%
2b/B
Rechenberg & Koerner, [37], 2022, US Cross-sectional N = 146
Female: 42.2%
Age: 13–17 years
Online survey PHQ-2
(ranges of 0–6, cut-off score for depression ≥3)
T1D 2.75 (1.75) 2b/B
Sacre et al., [28], 2021, Australia Longitudinal
April 2020
N = 450
Mean age: 66 (9)
Female: 31%
Mean duration of DM: 12 years
Phone or online survey PHQ-8
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
T2D Pre-COVID-19 = 2.7 (2.4–3.0)
Moderate/moderately severe/severe: 5.3%
COVID-19 = 2.7 (2.4–3.0)
Moderate/moderately severe/severe: 5.6%
2b/B
Sayed et al. [44], 2022, Egypt Cross-sectional
September 2020–June 2021
N = 403
Mean age: 46 (11.5) years
Female: 59.1%
Primary care PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
T2D Moderate/moderate–severe/severe: 9.2% 2b/B
Shin et al. [58], 2021, Korea Cross-sectional
April–July 2020
N = 233
Mean age: 73.8 (5.7)
Female: 59.3%
Mean duration of DM: 17.7 (8.8) years
Outpatient clinic PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
T2D 3.1 (3.6)
Minimal: 73.7%
Mild: 22%
Moderate: 2.1%
Moderate–severe: 2.1%
Severe: 0%
2b/B
Silveira et al., [43], 2021, Brazil Cross-sectional
May–July 2020
N = 477
Mean age: 30.52 (9.22)
Female: 83%
Mean duration of DM: 15.29 (9.79) years
Web-based survey PHQ-8
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
T1D None/mild: 42.9%
Moderate/moderate–severe/severe: 57.1%
2b/B
Sisman et al., [27], 2021, Turkey Cross-sectional N = 304
Mean age: 42.1 (15.5)
Female: 56%
Mean duration of DM: 10.3 (8.5) years
Web-based survey HADS
(score of ≤ 7: normal, 8–10: mild, 11–14: moderate, ≥15: severe depression, cut-off score for depression ≥11)
T1D
T2D
6.2 (4)
Mild/moderate/severe: 33.9%
2b/B
Souza et al., [41], 2021, Brazil Cross-sectional
April–May 2020
N = 162
Mean age: 42.5 (15.4)
Female: 69.8%
Online survey DASS-21
(score of 0–9: normal, 10–13: mild, 14–20: moderate, 21–27: severe, >27: extremely severe depression)
DM Normal: 54.9%
Mild: 12.3%
Moderate: 12.3%
Severe: 6.2%
Extreme: 14.2%
2b/B
Tasnim et al., [31], 2021, Bangladesh Cross-sectional
November 2020–January 2021
DM n = 436
Hypertension n = 366
Obesity n = 193
Mean age: 42.29 (15.86)
Female: 49.9%
Online survey PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
DM
Hypertension
Obesity
DM 7.49 (6.53)
Hypertension: 8.99 (6.76)
Obesity: 9.62 (7.06)
2b/B
Wańkowicz et al., [36], 2021, Poland Cross-sectional
May 2020
N = 879
Age > 18 years
Inpatient units and outpatient clinics PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
Hypertension
DM
Dyslipidemia
Hypertension: 11.51 (5.45)
DM: 11.80 (4.61)
Dyslipidemia: 12.08 (5.73)
2b/B
Yazıcı et al., [59], 2022, Turkey Longitudinal
March 2020
N = 422
Mean age: 45 (12.7)
Female: 84%
Online survey PHQ-9
(0–4: minimal, 5–9: mild, 10–14: moderate, 15–19: moderately severe, 20–27: severe depressive symptoms, cut-off score for depression >10)
Hypertension 7.7 (5.9)
Moderate/severe: 28.4%
2b/B

* Same sample as Moradian et al. 2021. DASS-21 = Stress, Anxiety and Depression Scale; DM = diabetes mellitus; DSM-5 = Diagnosis Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition; EL = evidence level; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IG = intervention group; IQR = interquartile range; PHQ-2= Patient Health Questionnaire—2; PHQ-8 = 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-9 = 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PROMIS = Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; RG = recommendation grade; T1D = type 1 diabetes; T2D = type 2 diabetes; SD = standard deviation.