Table 2.
Main predictors of depressive symptoms and their correlations with chronic diabetes.
| Author (Year) | Predictors and Correlates of Depressive Symptoms among DM Patients |
|---|---|
| Abdelghani et al. (2021) [34] | Poor physical component summary (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78–0.99, p = 0.045) Poor mental component summary (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.74–0.96, p = 0.009) |
| Abdoli et al. (2021) [38] | Female gender (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.26–2.66, p = 0.0008) Younger (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01–1.04, p < 0.0001) Single (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.09–1.97, p = 0.014) Education level (OR = 2.74, 95% CI = 1.59–4.73, p = 0.0032) Higher HbA1c (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.12–1.43, p < 0.000) Lower daily time-in-range blood glucose (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1– 1.02, p = 0.0002) Difficulties accessing healthy food (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.05–1.85, p = 0.019) Changes in diabetes self-care behaviors (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.27–2.27, p < 0.0001) Fear of approaching diabetes facilities (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.05–1.77, p = 0.0458) |
| Alaqeel et al. (2021) [39] | Female sex (aOR = 4.55, 95% CI = 1.80–11.48, p = 0.001) Uncontrolled HbA1c level (aOR = 7.12, 95% CI = 1.93–26.32, p = 0.003) Longer diabetes duration (DM duration of ≥ 5 years aOR = 4.82, 95% CI = 1.07–21.65, p = 0.040) |
| Ajele et al. (2022) [35] | Direct relationship between depression and psychological well-being (β = 36, p < 0.05) Negative relationship between depression and diabetes distress (β = −0.47, p < 0.05) |
| Basit et al. (2021) [40] | Fear of COVID-19 (OR = 4.68, 95% CI = 0.96–22.68, p = 0.05) |
| Chao et al. (2021) [30] | Female sex (aOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.7) Obesity (aOR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.5) |
| Choudhary et al. (2022) [42] | Female (p < 0.0001) |
| Cusinato et al. (2021) [45] | Lower time in glucose range (p = 0.012) |
| Kim & Kim (2022) [46] | Decreased physical activity (aOR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.15–1.55) Decreased sleep time (aOR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.56–2.24) Increased junk food or carbonated beverages consumption (aOR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.11–1.99) Increase in frequency of food delivery consumption (aOR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.15–2.08) Increased alcohol consumption (aOR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.62–3.71) Increase in cigarette consumption (aOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.27–2.90) |
| Kim et al. (2022) [33] | Worries associated with COVID-19 and depression score (r = 0.46, p = 0.000) |
| Moradian et al. (2021) [48] | COVID-19-related fear (p < 0.001) |
| Musche et al. (2021) [29] | COVID-19-related fear (p = 0.006) |
| Myers et al. (2021) [32] | Female (p < 0.001) Youngest age group 18–34 years (p < 0.001) |
| Rechenberg & Koerner, (2022) [37] | Poorer general treatment-related quality of life (p < 0.001) |
| Sayed et al. (2022) [44] | Higher HbA1c level (p < 0.05) |
| Silveira et al. (2021) [43] | Difficulty accessing diabetes supplies (p < 0.05) Higher HbA1c level (p < 0.05) |
| Sisman et al. (2021) [27] | Individuals with T2D (p = 0.03) |
| Souza et al. (2021) [41] | Female sex (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.33–4.72, p = 0.004) Single (OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.34–7.13, p < 0.001) No religion (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.34–3.54, p = 0.002) History of anxiety and/or depression (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.64–4.14, p < 0.001) Reduced monthly income during the pandemic period (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.18–3.11, p = 0.008) Reduced work or remote study (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.18–3.11, p = 0.008) |
| Wańkowicz et al. (2021) [36] | Female sex (p = 0.013) |
AOR = adjusted OR, DM = diabetes mellitus, T2D = type 2 diabetes.