Table 4.
Molecular mechanisms of VSMCs phenotypic switching in Vascular calcification.
| Protein/RNA | Animal Model | Downstream Molecule/ Signaling Pathway |
Promotes (+)/Inhibits (−) VSMCs Phenotypic Switching | VSMCs Differentiation Markers |
VSMCs Dedifferentiation/ Transdifferentiation Markers |
Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nicotine | Nox5 | + | α-SMA SM22α CNN1 |
S100A4 KLF4 |
[88] | ||
| Terpinen-4-ol | Mice | Mice fed with a high phosphorus diet supplemented with adenine |
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) | − | α-SMA | RUNX2 ALP BMP2 |
[89] |
| Interleukin enhancer Binding factor 3 (ILF3) | Mice | ApoE−/− mice fed with high fat diet (HFD) | BMP2 STAT1 |
+ | α-SMA | BMP2 RUNX2 STAT1 |
[90] |
| BGP-15 | Annexin A2 | − | α-SMA | KLF-5 Msx-2 Sp7 BMP-2 |
[91] | ||
| KMUP-3 | Mice | Mice model of AngII-induced AAA | AMPK | − | α-SMA | RUNX2 | [93] |
α-SMA: α-smooth muscle actin. SM22α: smooth muscle protein 22-α. CNN1: calponin 1. S100A4: S100 calcium binding protein A4. Nox5: NADPH Oxidase 5. BMP2: bone morphogenetic protein-2. STAT1: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. AMPK: adenosine 5‘-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase. KLF: krüppel-like factor. RUNX2: RUNX family transcription factor 2. ALP: alkaline phosphatase. Msx-2: msh homeobox 2. Sp7: Sp7 transcription factor.