Table 1.
Summary of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their impacts on thyroid health.
| EDCs | Examples Discussed | Impact on Thyroid Health | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pesticides | DDT, HCB | Impairment of thyroid hormone development | [23,24] |
| Plasticizers | DEHP, BPA | Enhanced risk of papillary thyroid cancer, receptor agonist mimicry (TPO, TR, estradiol) | [7,25,26,27,28,29] |
| PCBs | Thyroid disruption | [27] | |
| PFCs | PFOA, PFOS | Decreased T4 level/impaired thyroid function | [30] |
| BFRs | PBDEs | Changes in thyroid function | [28,31] |
| Perchlorates | Changes in thyroid function | [32] | |
| Metals | Cd, Pb, Mn, V | Multinodular goiters, thyroglobulin hyposecretion, parafollicular cell hyperplasia (Cd), increased risk of thyroid adenoma (Pb), abnormal thyroid hormone levels (Mn), thyroid inflammation and cancer correlation (V) | [28,30,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45] |
| Metalloids | Se | Autoimmune thyroiditis and enlarged thyroid | [28,39,40,42,43,45] |
| Nitrates | Thyroid cancer risk possibly increased | [44,45,46] | |
| Air Pollution | Particulate matter | Thyroid cancer risk possibly increased | [33,47,48] |
DDT: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, HCB: hexachlorobenzene, DEHP: Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate, BPA: bisphenol A, TPO: thyroid peroxidase, TR: thyroid hormone receptor, PCB: polychlorinated biphenyls, PFCs: Perfluorinated compounds, PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS: perfluorooctane sulfonate, T4: thyroxine, BFRs: Brominated flame retardants, PBDEs: polybrominated diphenyl ethers; Cd: cadmium, Pb: lead, Mn: manganese, V: vanadium, Se: selenium.