Table 1.
Overview of Included Studies.
| Reference | Model or Measure of PTG Used | Population | Enabler(s) Identified |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aggar et al. [51] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory–short form [52] | Nurses (n = 767) | Greater subjective well-being; Greater self-compassion |
| Chang et al. [53] | Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS-K) [54] | Nurses (n = 156) | Self-compassion; Wisdom; Age (older); Deliberate rumination |
| Chen et al. [5] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form [9] | Nurses (n = 12,596) | Caring for patients with COVID-19; Personal Accomplishment |
| Cui et al. [55] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (n = 167) | Deliberate rumination; Years working; Self-confidence; Awareness of risk; Receiving psychological intervention or training |
| Hamama-Raz et al. [56] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (n = 138) | Secondary traumatic stress; Meaning in work |
| Hamama-Raz et al. [57] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (n = 128) and Physicians (n = 78) | Gender (female); Being a nurse |
| Hamama-Raz and Minerbi [58] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (153) | Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies |
| Hyun, Kim and Lee [59] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (n = 78 surveys; n = 7 interviews) | Resilience; Relational support for coping |
| Itzhaki et al. [60] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory–short form [52] | Mental Health Nurses (n = 118) | Life satisfaction; Dedication to role |
| Jesse [61] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (n = 49) | Higher event-specific distress; Challenges to one’s core beliefs; lower levels of behavioral disengagement |
| Jung and Park [62] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (n = 27) | Resilience; Nursing work environment; Relationship with the head nurse |
| Lee and Kim [63] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses, Nursing Assistants and Social Workers (n = 254) | Age (Older) and having a religious affiliation; Higher psychological suffering related to the change in values and spiritual sublimation |
| Lev-Wiesel et al. [64] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses and Social Workers (n = 204) | Being a nurse; Peri-traumatic dissociation |
| Li et al. [38] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (n = 455) and General Practitioners (GPs) (n = 424) | Being a nurse; Gender (male); Marriage status (married); Having children; Higher professional title; Having strategies to cope with stress. |
| Liu, Ju and Liu [65] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (n = 200) | Resilience |
| Lyu et al. [66] | Wang and colleagues [67] modified version of Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Doctors, Nurses, Medical Technicians, Medical Researchers and Administrators (Study 1 n = 134; Study 2 n = 401) | Resilience; Optimism |
| Moreno-Jiménez et al. [68] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form [52] | Physician, Nurse, Nurse Aides, Occupational Therapist, Physiotherapist (n = 172) | Psychologists, Social Workers, Fear of contagion; Higher workload and high staff and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) |
| Okoli and Seng [69] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Advanced practice providers; Nursing staff; Social work/ Psychology; Nursing care technicians/nursing assistants; Therapists (occupational/recreational/physical/ respiratory, paramedics, technicians); Pharmacy; Nondirect care staff (e.g., clerical staff or administration) (n= 479) | Demographic variables (Gender (female); nonheterosexual; Older age; post-graduate degree; having Children). Work related variables (nondirect care employees; working in pediatric care). Behavioral variables (lower alcohol consumption; having had treatment for trauma) |
| Okoli et al. [70] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (n = 299) | Having a postgrad degree; serving the pediatric population; lower frequency of alcohol use. |
| Peng et al. [71] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (n = 116) | Having children, physical discomfort and getting support from family and friends during the epidemic. |
| Plews-Ogan et al. [72] | Grounded theory analysis of interviews | Physicians (n = 61) | Sharing (talking about) experience; Wisdom |
| Shiri, Wexler and Kreitler, [73] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Rescuers, nurses and rehabilitation workers (n = 51) | Beliefs rooted in optimism |
| Simmons et al. [74] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Military nurses (n = 119) | Spirituality |
| Taku [75] | Short form of the PTG Inventory [52] | Physicians (n = 289) | Personal accomplishment |
| Xu et al. [76] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Physicians, nurses and other medical workers (n = 579) | Receiving psychological intervention or training: Positive coping strategies for emotion management (i.e., exercising, paying attention to the positive aspects of the event and talking with friends); Cultivating optimism; Meditation and muscle relaxation techniques to manage stress; Sharing growth with others. |
| Yılmaz, Üstün and Günüşen [77] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (n = 43) | Receiving psychological intervention or training Meaningful self-reflection and fostering self-awareness (cultivated through educational lecture exercises, baksi dance and using mandala painting techniques) |
| Zhang et al. [78] | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory [9] | Nurses (1790) | Social support; Self-efficacy |