Table 4.
Study Characteristics.
| Study ID | Title | First Author | Year of Study | Location | Study Design | Keywords | Study Population Age Group (in years) | Sample Size (No. of Patients) | Phase of COVID-19 | Physiological Symptoms Assessed | Psychological Symptoms Assessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Multi organ impairment in low-risk individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective, community-based study [14]. | Dennis, A. | 2021 | UK | Observational study | COVID-19, epidemiology, health policy, public health | 18–64 | 201 | 2 | Fever, Headache, Cough, Dyspnea, Fatigue | - |
| 2 | Post COVID-19 sequelae: A prospective observational study from Northern India [15]. | Naik, S. | 2021 | India | Observational study | COVID-19, long COVID-19, post COVID-19 sequelae, post COVID-19 syndrome | 18–64 | 1234 | 2 | Chest Pain, Myalgia Insomnia, Cough, Dyspnea, Fatigue | Depression, Mood Disorders, Brain Fog |
| 3 | Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome Negatively Impacts Physical Function, Cognitive Function, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Participation [16]. | Tabacof, L. | 2022 | USA | Observational study | Post-acute COVID-19, fatigue, cognition, employment, quality of life | 18–64 | 156 | 3 | Loss Of Appetite, Sweating, Tinnitus, Sexual Dysfunction, Neuropathic Pain, Abdominal Pain, Sore Throat, Dizziness, Vertigo, Syncope, Visual Impairment, Nausea, Hair loss, Diarrhea, Palpitation, Arthralgia, Chest Pain, Insomnia, Headache, Dyspnea, Fatigue | Memory Loss, Forgetfulness, Confusion |
| 4 | Long-term sequelae are highly prevalent one year after hospitalization for severe COVID-19 [17]. | Bellan, M. | 2021 | Italy | Observational study | microbiology virology | 18–64 | 238 | 3 | Hair Loss, Arthralgia, Anosmia, Chest Pain, Myalgia, Cough, Dyspnea, Fatigue | - |
| 5 | Incidence and risk factors for persistent symptoms in adults previously hospitalized for COVID-19 [18]. | Munblit, D. | 2021 | Russia | Clinical Trial | COVID-19, PAASC, asthma, long COVID-19, post COVID-19 Condition, Post COVID-19 syndrome, Post acute sequelae, SARS-CoV-2 infection, risk factor | 18–64 | 2649 | 3 | Vision Impairment, Hair loss, Myalgia Insomnia, Dyspnea, Fatigue | Memory Loss, Forgetfulness |
| 6 | Risk Factors Associated with Long COVID-19 Syndrome: A Retrospective Study [19]. | Asadi-Pooya, A.A. | 2021 | Iran | Multicentric study | COVID-19, medicine, SARA-CoV-2 Viruses | 18–64 | 4681 | 2 | Exertional Intolerance, Myalgia, Dyspnea, Fatigue | - |
| 7 | Long-term clinical follow-up of patients suffering from moderate-to-severe COVID-19 infection: a monocentric prospective observational cohort study [20]. | Darcis, G. | 2021 | Belgium | Observational study | COVID-19, long COVID-19, post COVID-19, post- acute COVID-19, sequelae | 18–64 | 199 | 2 | Hair Loss, Chest Pain, Cough, Dyspnea, Fatigue | - |
| 8 | Long-Term Evolution of Malnutrition and Loss of Muscle Strength after COVID-19: A Major and Neglected Component of Long COVID-19 [21]. | Gérard, M. | 2021 | England | Cohort study | Cohort study, intensive care unit, long COVID-19, malnutrition, muscle strength, obesity, performance status, self-evaluation. | 18–64 | 549 | 3 | Malnutrition, Palpitation | Memory Loss, Forgetfulness, Depression, Mood Disorders, Anxiety, Concentration Cognitive Impairment, Post Traumatic Stress, |
| 9 | Immunoglobulin signature predicts risk of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome [22]. | Cervia, C. | 2022 | Switzerland | Observational study | Not mentioned | 18–64 | 175 | 3 | Anosmia, Dyspnea, Fatigue, Ageusia | Depression, Mood Disorders, Anxiety |
| 10 | Persistent symptoms and decreased health-related quality of life after symptomatic pediatric COVID-19: A prospective study in a Latin American tertiary hospital [23]. | Fink, T.T. | 2021 | Brazil | Observational study | Long corona virus disease 2019, child, adolescent, sequelae, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children | <18 | 105 | 2 | Anemia, Arthralgia, Myalgia, Insomnia, Headache, Dyspnea | Concentration and Cognitive Impairment |
| 11 | Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of long COVID-19 and association with 1-year recovery following hospitalization in the UK: a prospective observational study [24]. | Evans, R.A. | 2022 | UK | Observational study | Not mentioned | 18–64 | 2320 | Mixed | Exertional Intolerance, Arthralgia, Insomnia, Dyspnea, Fatigue, Ageusia | Memory Loss, Forgetfulness, Slowed Down Thinking |
| 12 | Chronic Fatigue and Post exertional Malaise in People Living With Long COVID-19: An Observational Study [25]. | Twomey, R. | 2022 | USA | Observational study | COVID-19, exercise tolerance, fatigue, long COVID-19, patient-reported outcomes, rehabilitation. | 18–64 | 213 | 1 | Loss Of Appetite, Sore Throat, Rashes, Dizziness, Vertigo, Vision Impairment, Nausea, Diarrhea, Fever Palpitation, Ageusia, Myalgia, Headache, Cough, Dyspnea, Fatigue | Brain Fog |
| 13 | Factors Associated with Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) After Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 in the Inpatient and Outpatient Setting in a Diverse Cohort [26]. | Yoo, S.M. | 2022 | USA | Observational study | Not mentioned | 18–64 | 1038 | 1 | Sinus, Rashes, Fever, Anosmia, Chest Pain, Ageusia, Dyspnea, Fatigue | Memory Loss, Forgetfulness, Brain Fog |
| 14 | Symptoms Experienced at the Acute Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Infection as Risk Factor of Long-term Post-COVID-19 Symptoms: The LONG-COVID-19-EXP-CM Multicentre Study [27]. | Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, C. | 2022 | Spain | Multicentric study | COVID-19, acute phase, persistent, risk factors symptoms | 18–64 | 1969 | 3 | Sore Throat, Rashes, Vision Impairment, Diarrhea, Palpitation, Anosmia, Ageusia, Dyspnea, Fatigue | - |
| 15 | Predictors of chronic COVID-19 symptoms in a community-based cohort of adults [28]. | Silverberg, J.I. | 2022 | USA | Observational study | Not mentioned | 18–64 | 390 | Mixed | Abdominal Pain, Headache, Fatigue | - |
| 16 | Post-acute COVID-19 condition in Saudi Arabia: A national representative study [29]. | AlRadini, F.A. | 2022 | Saudi Arabia | Multicentric study | Late symptoms, resistant symptoms, post-acute COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 | 18–64 | 225 | 1 | Fever, Arthralgia, Anosmia, Ageusia, Headache, Dyspnea, Fatigue | - |
| 17 | Long COVID-19 symptoms in SARS-CoV-2-positive children aged 0–14 years and matched controls in Denmark (LongCOVID19 KidsDK): a national, cross-sectional study [30]. | Kikkenborg Berg, S. | 2022 | Denmark | Observational study | Not mentioned | <18 | 10997 | 1 | Arthralgia, Anosmia, Chest Pain, Myalgia Cough, Dyspnea, Fatigue | - |
| 18 | Post-sequelae one year after hospital discharge among older COVID-19 patients: A multi-centre prospective cohort study [31]. | Fang, X. | 2022 | China | Multicentric study | COVID-19, sequelae, older people, Wuhan, SARS-CoV-2 | >64 | 1233 | 3 | Sweating, Palpitations, Anosmia, Chest Pain, Ageusia, Myalgia, Cough Fatigue | Anxiety |
| 19 | The long-term functioning status of COVID-19 survivors: a prospective observational evaluation of a cohort of patients surviving hospitalization [32]. | Battistella, L.R. | 2022 | Italy | Multicentric study | COVID-19, rehabilitation, medicine, respiratory infections | 18–64 | 149 | 3 | Excessive Sleep, Exertional Intolerance, Insomnia, Dyspnea | Depression and More Disorders |
| 20 | Long COVID-19 symptoms: Clinical characteristics and recovery rate among non-severe outpatients over a six-month follow-up [33]. | Seang, S. | 2022 | France | Observational study | Long COVID-19, outpatients, post infectious disorders, recovery | 18–64 | 36 | 3 | Fever, Arthralgia, Anosmia, Chest Pain, Ageusia, Myalgia, Headache, Cough, Dyspnea | - |
| 21 | Health Status, Persistent Symptoms, and Effort Intolerance One Year After Acute COVID-19 Infection [34]. | Kingery, J.R. | 2022 | USA | Observational study | COVID-19, PASCA, Persistent symptoms | 18–64 | 530 | 3 | Numbness, Abdominal Pain, Diarrhea, Headache, Dyspnea, Fatigue | Brain Fog |
| 22 | Associations between persistent symptoms after mild COVID-19 and long-term health status, quality of life, and psychological distress [35]. | Han, J.H. | 2022 | USA | Multicentric study | COVID-19, outcomes, long COVID-19 postacute sequalae of COVID-19, PASC, post COVID-19conditions | 18–64 | 2092 | 3 | Hair loss, Exertional Intolerance, Chest Pain, Ageusia, Insomnia, Fatigue, Dyspnea | Concentration and Cognition Impairment |
| 23 | Long COVID-19 12 months after discharge: persistent symptoms in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 and patients hospitalized due to other causes-a multicentre cohort study [36]. | Rivera-Izquierdo, M. | 2022 | Spain | Multicentric study | Cohort, follow up, long term, persistent COVID-19, sequalae | 18–64 | 163 | 3 | Arthralgia, Insomnia, Headache, Fatigue | Memory Loss, Forgetfulness, Depression, Mood Disorders, Anxiety, Confusion |
| 24 | Fatigue and Dyspnea as Main Persistent Post-COVID-19 Symptoms in Previously Hospitalized Patients: Related Functional Limitations and Disability [37]. | Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, C. | 2022 | Spain | Multicentric study | COVID-19, dyspnea, fatigue, function, risk factors | 18–64 | 1142 | 3 | Diarrhoea, Palpitation, Chest Pain, Cough, Fatigue, Dyspnea | - |
| 25 | Risk factors for fatigue and impaired function eight months after hospital admission with COVID-19 [38]. | Schouborg, L.B. | 2022 | Denmark | Observational study | Not mentioned | 18–64 | 83 | 3 | Loss Of Functional Status Fatigue | - |
| 26 | Prospective Evaluation of Autonomic Dysfunction in Post-Acute Sequela of COVID-19 [39]. | Jamal, S.M. | 2022 | USA | Observational study | HUTT, neurocardiogenic syncope, orthostatic hypotension, intolerance, POTS | 18–64 | 24 | 2 | Palpitations, Exertional Intolerance, Chest Pain, Headache, Fatigue | Concentration and Cognition Impairment |
| 27 | Neurocognitive Profiles in Patients With Persisting Cognitive Symptoms Associated With COVID-19 [40]. | Krishnan, K. | 2022 | USA | Observational study | Brain fog, COVID-19, cognition, long COVID-19, neuropsychology | 18–64 | 20 | 2 | Dizziness, Vertigo, Nausea, Diarrhea, Palpitation, Exertional Intolerance, Arthralgia, Insomnia, Cough, Dyspnea, Fatigue | Memory Loss, Forgetfulness, Brain Fog, Concentration and Cognition Impairment |
| 28 | Long COVID-19 in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients in a large cohort in Northwest Spain, a prospective cohort study [41]. | Pérez-González, A. | 2022 | Spain | Clinical trial | Not mentioned | 18–64 | 248 | 3 | Hair Loss, Anosmia, Ageusia, Myalgia, Insomnia, Headache, Cough, Dyspnea, Fatigue | - |
| 29 | Sequelae, persistent symptomatology and outcomes after COVID-19 hospitalization: the ANCOHVID multicentre 6-month follow-up study [42]. | Romero-Duarte, Á. | 2021 | Spain | Observational study | COVID-19, long COVID-19, post discharge, sequelae, persistent symptoms, primary care, follow up | 18–64 | 797 | 3 | Fever, Numbness, Malnutrition, Anemia, Constipation, Rib Pain, Dysuria, Hemautria, Oliguria, Exertional Intolerance Abdominal Pain, Nausea, Glycemia, Renal Problems, Rashes, Hair loss, Diarrhea, Dizziness, Vertigo Or Syncope, Vision Impairment, Anosmia, Myalgia, Insomnia, Cough, Fatigue | Anxiety and Confusion |
| 30 | Six-Month Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with Severe COVID-19 [43]. | Horwitz, L.I. | 2021 | USA | Observational study | COVID-19, long COVID-19, patient reported outcomes, post discharge outcomes | 18–64 | 152 | 3 | Numbness, Tinnitus, Rashes, Dizziness, Vertigo Or Syncope, Vision Impairment, Nausea, Palpitations, Anosmia, Insomnia, Headache, Dyspnea, Fatigue | Memory Loss, Forgetfulness, Brain Fog, Concentration and Cognition Impairment |
| 31 | Long-COVID-19: a cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker and imaging abnormalities following hospitalization for COVID-19 [44]. | Mandal, S. | 2021 | UK | Observational study | Respiratory infection, viral infection | 18–64 | 348 | 1 | Dyspnea, Fatigue, Cough | Depression and Mood Disorders |
| 32 | Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalization (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study [45]. | Evans, R.A. | 2021 | UK | Multicentric study | Not mentioned | 18–64 | 1077 | 2 | Exertional Intolerance, Arthralgia, Insomnia, Dyspnea, Fatigue | Memory Loss, Forgetfulness, Slowed Down Thinking |
| 33 | Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: Evidence of mood & cognitive impairment [46]. | Lamontagne, S.J. | 2021 | Canada | Multicentric study | Corona virus disease, SARS-CoV-2, PASC, ANT, inflammation, cognitive control, anhedonia, depression, | 18–64 | 50 | 1 | Sinus, Sore Throat Nausea, Diarrhea, Fever, Ageusia, Headache, Cough, Dyspnea, Fatigue | - |