Table 1.
Effects of feeding citrus peel extract (CPE) on biochemical parameters of milk from dairy cows.
| Item 1 | CPE Supplementation, g/d | SEM | p-Value 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 50 | 100 | 150 | T | L | Q | ||
| IgA, mg/mL | 0.96 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 0.037 | 0.277 | 0.168 | 0.241 |
| IgG, mg/mL | 4.38 | 4.39 | 4.64 | 4.59 | 0.161 | 0.476 | 0.185 | 0.844 |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 79.25 | 84.61 | 83.17 | 84.61 | 3.780 | 0.693 | 0.385 | 0.601 |
| IL-1β, pg/mL | 71.10 a | 65.87 b | 65.28 b | 67.20 b | 1.240 | 0.010 | 0.045 | 0.011 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 165.32 a | 166.66 a | 153.22 b | 153.88 b | 3.241 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.925 |
| IL-8, pg/mL | 67.65 | 65.20 | 63.37 | 64.99 | 1.262 | 0.117 | 0.088 | 0.112 |
| IFN-γ, pg/mL | 47.33 | 44.31 | 46.22 | 45.00 | 1.050 | 0.178 | 0.314 | 0.422 |
| DPPH scavenging activity, % | 19.86 b | 20.27 b | 22.59 ab | 23.39 a | 0.954 | 0.030 | 0.006 | 0.841 |
| CAT, U/mL | 215.69 | 216.27 | 216.03 | 214.19 | 1.970 | 0.867 | 0.599 | 0.550 |
| MDA, ng/mL | 8.56 a | 8.23 ab | 8.02 b | 7.84 b | 0.164 | 0.031 | 0.017 | 0.714 |
| LZM, μg/mL | 10.87 b | 11.53 ab | 13.43 a | 13.54 a | 0.756 | 0.020 | 0.003 | 0.697 |
1 IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β, interleukin-1-1β, IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; DPPH, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical; CAT, catalase; MDA, malondialdehyde; LZM, lysozyme. 2 T, treatment; L, linear; Q, quadratic. a,b Means within a row with different superscripts differ (p < 0.05).