Table 2.
Biochemical characteristics of study participants according to their SARS-CoV-2 status.
| Parameters | Overall | SARS-CoV-2 Status | p-Value | p-Value * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | Positive | ||||
| N | 220 | 82 (37.3) | 138 (62.7) | ||
| Age (years) | 43.2 ± 15.3 | 32.3 ± 13.1 | 49.7 ± 12.6 | <0.001 | -- |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 5.5 | 26.6 ± 5.1 | 28.9 ± 5.5 | <0.001 | -- |
| WHR | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.45 | 0.13 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126.0 ± 16.2 | 119.0 ± 9.6 | 130.1 ± 17.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.4 ± 11.2 | 75.7 ± 8.7 | 75.2 ± 12.4 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
| Temperature (°C) | 37.1 ± 1.1 | 36.6 ± 0.5 | 37.5 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Pulse rate | 92.5 ± 16.4 | 94.0 ± 15.3 | 91.6 ± 16.9 | 0.31 | 0.77 |
| Respiratory rate | 22.3 ± 3.9 | 19.7 ± 2.6 | 23.5 ± 3.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 57.5 ± 27.5 | 61.8 ± 22.8 | 55.0 ± 28.8 | 0.06 | 0.009 |
| Growth factors | |||||
| EGF (ng/mL) | 0.8 (0.4–1.2) | 0.9 (0.5–1.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| FGF-2 (ng/mL) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.001 | 0.16 |
| TGFα (pg/mL) | 13.3 (6–24) | 18.7 (8–25) | 10.4 (6–16) | 0.006 | <0.001 |
| VEGF (ng/mL) | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 0.25 | 0.94 |
| Colony Stimulating Factors | |||||
| G-CSF (pg/mL) | 89.8 (43–178) | 129.6 (75–194) | 55.2 (29–122) | <0.001 | 0.006 |
| GM-CSF (pg/mL) | 25.7 (12–43) | 34.2 (21–58) | 14.4 (8–24) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Interleukins | |||||
| IL-1ra (pg/mL) | 145.9 (66–280) | 200.9 (125–401) | 86.0 (44–140) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| IL-1α(pg/mL) | 130.7 (56–252) | 233.4 (134–435) | 48.5 (10–80) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | 3.0 (1–8) | 7.7 (4–10) | 1.1 (0.4–2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| IL-2 (pg/mL) | 7.7 (2–25) | 16.8 (9–29) | 2.0 (0.7–4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| IL-4 (pg/mL) | 224 (112–456) | 387.6 (264–548) | 98.1 (52–141) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| IL-5 (pg/mL) | 2.8 (2–5) | 3.2 (2–5) | 2.5 (1.8–4) | 0.14 | 0.36 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 5.2 (2–13) | 3.1 (2–7) | 10.0 (5–20) | <0.001 | 0.05 |
| IL-7 (pg/mL) | 33.2 (18–66) | 52.2 (30–88) | 16.7 (9–28) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| IL-8 (pg/mL) | 26.6 (17–49) | 28.6 (20–40) | 21.7 (14–56) | 0.07 | 0.01 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 13.7 (8–24) | 9.9 (6–17) | 21.7 (9–32) | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| IL-13 (pg/mL) | 5.6 (3–10) | 4.2 (2–6) | 9.6 (6–18) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| IL-15 (pg/mL) | 13.7 (8–30) | 22.1 (11–36) | 10.9 (5–17) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| IL-17α (pg/mL) | 5.8 (4–8) | 5.8 (4–8) | 6.0 (4–8) | <0.001 | 0.72 |
| IL-23 (pg/mL) | 187.1 (93–276) | 129.5 (72–235) | 236.3 (170–310) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Chemokines | |||||
| EOTAXIN (pg/mL) | 96.9 (58–185) | 124.8 (76–249) | 60.5 (28–120) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fractalkine (pg/mL) | 333.2 (157–564) | 454.1 (216–797) | 208.6 (145–345) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| GRO (ng/mL) | 4.9 (3.9–6.8) | 5.1 (4.2–6.9) | 4.7 (3.5–5.8) | 0.34 | 0.49 |
| IP-10 (ng/mL) | 0.4 (0.2–0.5) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.18 | 0.004 |
| MCP-3 (pg/mL) | 36.3 (19–55) | 42.2 (22–65) | 26.7 (15–40) | 0.07 | 0.22 |
| MDC (ng/mL) | 1.8 (0.9–2.7) | 2.6 (1.8–3.2) | 0.9 (0.4–1.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| MCP-1 (ng/mL) | 0.9 (0.7–1.6) | 1.0 (0.8–1.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.06 | 0.03 |
| MIP-1α (pg/mL) | 17.7 (9.9–25) | 22.1 (17–29) | 10.4 (6–18) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| MIP-1β (pg/mL) | 54.9 (36–82) | 67.6 (45–94) | 42.3 (32–66) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Interferons | |||||
| IFNγ (pg/mL) | 8.0 (5–15) | 6.1 (4–9) | 17.0 (6–25) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| IFNα2 (pg/mL) | 70.0 (28–145) | 100.0 (58–197) | 26.1 (16–46) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Inflammatory Cytokines | |||||
| sCD40L (pg/mL) | 58.3 (16–371) | 184.6 (61–975) | 14.3 (10–34) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TNFα (pg/mL) | 7.9 (6–12) | 7.2 (5–10) | 9.5 (7–16) | 0.07 | 0.24 |
| Inflammatory Proteins | |||||
| CRP (µg/mL) | 10.2 (0.9–32) | 2.3 (0.8–14) | 42.0 (6–75) | <0.001 | 0.002 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD for normal variables, and median (1st quartile–3rd quartile) for non-normal variables, * indicates p-value adjusted for age and BMI. p < 0.05 is considered significant.