Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included (n = 17).
| Author Year |
Country | Study Design | Follow-Up Time | Participants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Age (Years) Mean |
Male (%) | Severe Cases at Baseline n (%) |
Long COVID-19 (%) |
||||
| Asadi-Pooya, A. et al., 2021 [18] | Iran | Cross-sectional ¥ | ≥3 months after infection | 58 | 12 (SD 3.3) range 6–17 | 48% | 58 (100%) hospitalized 10 (17%) ICU |
45% |
| Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L. et al., 2021 [19] | Israel | Prospective | Median 112 (IQR 33–410) days after COVID-19 diagnosis | 90 | 12 (SD 5.0) range 0–18 years | 59% | 11 (12%) hospitalized | 100% * |
| Brackel, H. et al., 2021 [22] | Netherlands | Cross-sectional ¥ | ≥3 months after COVID-19 infection | 89 | Median 13 (IQR 9–15) range 2–18 | NR | NR |
100% * |
| Buonsenso, D. et al., 2021 [23] | Italy | Cross-sectional ¥ | Mean 163 (SD 113.7) days after COVID-19 diagnosis | 129 | 11 (SD 4.4) | 52% | 6 (5%) hospitalized 3 (2%) ICU |
56% |
| Buonsenso, D. et al., 2022 [24] | United Kingdom, USA, and other |
Cross-sectional ¥ | Mean 8.2 (SD 3.9) months after COVID-19 | 510 | 10 (SD 3.8) (IQR 8–13) range 1–18 years | 44% | 22 (4%) hospitalized | 100% * |
| Dolezalova, K. et al., 2022 [25] | Czech Republic | Prospective observational | 3–6 months after COVID-19 diagnosis (5 patients: 3 ≤ 6 months and 34 patients 6 months) |
39 | Median 14 (IQR 8–15) range 2–18 years | 44% | NA | 100% * |
| Erol, N. et al., 2021 [26] | Turkey | Case control | Mean 5.6 months after COVID-19 diagnosis (range 1–12 months) | 121 | Median 9 (IQR 10.8–17.9) range 0–18 years | 54% | 27 (22%) hospitalized |
37% |
| Fink, T. et al., 2021 [27] | Brazil | Prospective observational | Median 4.4 (IQR 0.8–10.7) months after initial COVID-19 diagnosis | 53 | Median 15 range 8–18 years | 42% | 18 (34%) hospitalized 4 (22%) ICU |
23% |
| Funk, A. et al., 2022 [28] |
United Sates, Costa Rica, Canada, Spain and other |
Prospective cohort ¥ | ≥3 months (range 90–120 days) after ED visit | 1884 | Median 3 (IQR 0–10) range 0–18 | 53% | 447 (24%) hospitalized | 6% |
| Kikkenborg Berg, S. et al., 2022 [20] | Denmark | National cross-sectional ¥ | ≥ 3 months after initial COVID-19 diagnosis (range 3–12 months) | 6630 | Median 17 (IQR 16.5–18.6) range 15–18 years | 42% | 594 (9%) self-reported |
38% |
| Kikkenborg Berg, S. et al., 2022 [21] | Denmark | National cross-sectional ¥ | 3 months (range 3–12 months) | 10977 | Median 10 (IQR 6 6–12.8) range 0–14 years |
52% |
200 (2%) self-reported |
29% |
| Leftin Dobkin, S. et al., 2021 [29] | USA | Retrospective | Mean 3.2 (SD 1.5) months after acute COVID-19 infection (range 1.3–6.7 months) | 29 | 13 (SD 3.9) range 4–19 years | 41% | 4 (14%) self-reported |
100% * |
| Osmanov, I. et al., 2022 [30] | Russia | Prospective cohort ¥ | Median 268 (IQR 233–284) days since hospital admission | 518 | 10 (IQR 3–15.2), range 0–18 years | 48% | 518 (100%) hospitalized | 25% |
| Ozturk, G. et al., 2022 [31] | Germany | Retrospective | 3 months after hospital discharge | 50 | Median 15 range 5–18 years |
56% | 10 (20%) reported |
28% |
| Radtke, T. et al., 2021 [32] | Switzerland | Longitudinal cohort ¥ | ≥ 12 weeks after positive COVID-19 test | 1355 | Median 11 (range 6–16) | 47% | NR | 4% |
| Say, D. et al., 2021 [33] |
Australia | Cross-sectional | 3–6 months after COVID-19 diagnosis | 171 | Median 3 (IQR 1–8) range 0–18 years | 53% | 1 (1%) reported |
8% |
| Stephenson, T. et al., 2022 [34] | England | National cohort ¥ | Median 14.9 (IQR 13.1–19.9) weeks | 3065 | Range 11–17 | 37% | NA | 66% |
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; ED = Emergency Department. IQR = Interquartile range; SD = standard deviation; CI = confidence interval. NR = Not reported. NA = Not applicable. ICU = Intensive Care Unit. Long COVID-19 ≥1 persistent symptom or structural change at follow-up. ¥ Data collected using a survey, interview or questionnaire, otherwise clinical data was used (e.g., medical histories, physical examinations, lung function testing, chest CT or X-ray, etc.) * Inclusion criteria.