Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the literature for inclusion in this analysis.
| Author (Time of Publication) | Stage 1 | Number of Samples (Age 2) | Country/Region | Research Type | Tools for Measuring SB (Definition/Program 3) | Result Indicators |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gibbs et al. [33] (2017) | 1 | 25 (average age: 42; 20–65 years old) | United States of America | Randomized controlled trials | activPAL3 micro (two periods of 3 h and 40 min of continuous seated desk work). | BP 4; PWV 5 |
| Alansare et al. [34] (2020) | 1 | 25 (20–65 years old) | United States of America | Randomized controlled trials | activPAL3 micro (except for required bathroom breaks, participants worked at a conventional desk while sitting still during the sitting period, with their feet flat on the floor). | BP; PWV |
| Perdomo et al. [35] (2019) | 1 | 25 (average age: 42; 20–65 years old) | United States of America | Randomized controlled trials | Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (the SB group was required to sit continuously). | BP; CBFv 6 |
| Hwu et al. [36] (2004) | 1 | 872 (35–60 years old; SB subjects averaged 51.8 ± 8.5 years old; non-SB subjects averaged 52.7 ± 8.8 years old) | Asia-Pacific | Cross-sectional studies | Total physical activity was measured by keeping track of how many hours a day were spent engaging in physical activity. (Sedentary activity hours)/(24 h—base activity hours) was used to calculate physical inactivity (participants were referred to as “SB” if their physical activity score was higher than 0.5). | Insulin resistance |
| Palatini et al. [37] (2011) | 1 | 87 (SB subjects averaged 33.2 ± 8.7 years old; non-SB subjects averaged 29.7 ± 8.6 years old) | Italy | Prospective studies | A standardized questionnaire was used to measure physical activity [38] (participants were categorized as sedentary if they did not regularly engage in any physical activity). | Carotid intima–media thickness |
| Palatini et al. [39] (2009) | 1 | 454 (18–45 years old; average age: 33.1 ± 8.4 years old) | Italy | Prospective studies | A standardized questionnaire was used to measure physical activity [38] (participants were categorized as sedentary if they did not regularly engage in any physical activity). | LV 7 mass; LV hypertrophy |
| Castelo et al. [40] (2016) | 2 | 285 (19–59 years old) | Brazil | Cross-sectional studies | An instrument was used with variables related to identification, related factors, and signs and symptoms. The diagnostic inference was made by four nurses who had received prior training in an 8-h course [40] (definition based on NANDA-I 9). | SB 8 |
| Martins et al. [41] (2015) | 3 | 285 (19–59 years old) | Brazil | Cross-sectional studies | A tool that was created based on previously validated clinical signs and related factors was used to collect the data [42] (individuals with SB were defined as those who do not exercise at the recommended frequency, duration, and intensity or do not expend significant energy to improve their physical condition). | SB; PA 10 |
1 Stage: Classification of study stages based on an epidemiological framework. Stage 1: studies to explore and verify the association between SB and health; stage 2: studies on SB measurement methods; stage 3: studies to explore the factors influencing SB; stage 4: studies on intervention strategies for SB; stage 5: studies on the practical application of intervention strategies. 2 Age: organized according to the age ranges of the subjects included in the studies. 3 Definition/program: the definition of SB used in the study or the setting of SB in the study protocol. 4 BP: blood pressure. 5 PWV: pulse wave velocity. 6 CBFv: pulse cerebral blood flow velocity. 7 LV: left ventricular. 8 SB: sedentary behavior. 9 Definition based on NANDA-I: “Choose a daily routine without exercise”; “It shows a lack of physical fitness”; “Verbalizes preference for activities with little exercise”. 10 PA: physical activity.