Table 2.
Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized for Medical Condition Episodes to BPCI and Non-BPCI Hospitals (2011–2016).
| BPCI Hospitals | Non-BPCI Hospitals | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Period | Intervention Period | Baseline Period | Intervention Period | DiD * | |
| Hospitals, No. | 226 | 226 | 699 | 699 | N/A |
| Beneficiaries, No. | 148,900 | 138,666 | 113,900 | 108,938 | N/A |
| Total episodes, No. | 175,261 | 161,704 | 137,126 | 130,395 | N/A |
| Episodes, No. | |||||
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | 13,356 | 13,093 | 10,874 | 10,688 | N/A |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 44,157 | 35,843 | 39,017 | 33,006 | N/A |
| Pneumonia | 58,406 | 49,470 | 45,709 | 40,709 | N/A |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 62,461 | 66,092 | 48,565 | 51,632 | N/A |
| Patient characteristics | |||||
| Age, mean age (SD) | 77.1 (12.3) |
77.3 (12.2) |
75.6 (12.6) |
75.9 (12.5) |
−0.1 |
| Female, No. (%) | 97,884 (55.9) |
89,788 (55.5) |
76,160 (55.5) |
71,689 (55.0) |
−3625 |
| Elixhauser score, mean score (SD) | 19.3 (13.8) |
19.4 (13.8) |
19.3 (13.8) |
19.5 (13.9) |
−0.1 |
| High Risk Groups | |||||
| Advanced age, No. (%) a | 48,752 (27.8) |
46,217 (28.6) |
32,309 (23.6) |
32,228 (24.7) |
−2454 |
| High Case-Mix, No. (%) b | 38,078 (21.7) |
31,592 (19.5) |
30,107 (22.0) |
25,415 (19.5) |
−1794 |
| Frail, No. (%) | 67,762 (38.7) |
65,879 (40.7) |
50,409 (36.8) |
51,796 (39.7) |
−3270 |
| Disabled, No. (%) | 22,526 (12.9) |
20,074 (12.4) |
21,331 (15.6) |
19,490 (14.9) |
−611 |
| Prior IRF/SNF utilization, No. (%) c | 33,723 (19.2) |
31,011 (19.2) |
24,501 (17.9) |
24,145 (18.5) |
−2356 |
Notes: BPCI = Bundled Payments for Care Improvement initiative; DiD = Difference-in-differences; IRF = Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility; SNF = Skilled Nursing Facility; SD = Standard Deviation. * Difference-in-differences for categorical outcomes are shown as percentage points. The baseline period spanned 1 January 2011–30 September 2013. The treatment period varied by hospital-condition based on the date of entry so as to maintain consistency with the analytic models, with the earliest start possible being 1 October 2013 when BPCI began. a Age > 85 years old. b Top 20% of Elixhauser score. c Within preceding 12 months.