Table 2.
Sample Characteristics and Methods of Assessment of the Reviewed Studies Investigating Global Family Functioning, Environment Variables, and Happiness (n = 39).
| Child Characteristics | Happiness Measure | Family Measure | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author (Year), Country | N | Age | % Male | Method | Measure | Method | Measure | Res. Design |
Pub |
| Ben-Zur (2003) [12], Israel | 112 | Range 15–19 (M = 17.06) |
48 | S | LSS PANAS |
P/S | RFMQ | C | Pub |
| Cacioppo et al. (2013) [136], Italy | 255 | Range 15–17 (M = 15.98) |
40.8 | S | MSLSS | S | FAD | C | Pub |
| Chui & Wong (2017) [18], China | 1830 | Range 10–19 (M = 14.2) |
47.9 | S | SWLS | S | FAI | C | Pub |
| Flouri & Buchanan (2003) [201], United Kingdom | 2722 | Range 14–18 (M = 14.2) |
41.3 | S | HS | S | F/MIS | C | Pub |
| Gilman & Huebner (2006) [188], United States | 485 | Range 11–18 (M = 14.45) |
54.0 | S | SLSS | S | BASC | C | Pub |
| Gómez et al. (2019) [1], Chile | 1392 | Range 10–13 (M = 11.5) |
54.2 | S | SLSS | S | ISCWeB | C | Pub |
| Goswami (2012) [198], United Kingdom | 4673 | Two age groups (8 and 10 year) |
47.0 | S | SLSS | S | MSLSS | C | Pub |
| Heaven et al. (1996) [186], Australia | 183 | Range 13–17 (M = 13.3) |
36.1 | S | SWLS | S | FOS | C | Pub |
| Huebner et al. (2000) [199], United States (Time 1) | 321 | Range 14–18 (M = 16.14) |
35.0 | S | SLSS | S | BASC | L | Pub |
| Huebner et al. (2000) [199], United States (Time 2) |
99 | Range 14–18 | 34.5 | S | SLSS | S | BASC | L | Pub |
| Lawler et al. (2015) [189], 11 countries (United States sample) | 784 | Range 11–14 (M = 12.63) |
ns | S | LSI | S | FRQ PIS |
C | Pub |
| Lawler et al. (2015) [189], 11 countries (international sample) | 781 | Range 10–14 (M = 12.06) |
ns | S | LSI | S | FRQ PIS |
N | Pub |
| Lawler et al. (2017) [190], 11 countries (United States sample) | 502 | Range 10–12 (M = 10.66) |
ns | S | LSI | S | FRQ PIS |
C | Pub |
| Lawler et al. (2017) [190], 11 countries (international sample) | 502 | Range 9–12 (M = 10.12)) |
ns | S | LSI | S | FRQ PIS |
N | Pub |
| Lawler et al. (2018) [90], South Korea and United States (SK sample) | 489 | Range 10–12 | ns | S | SLSS | S | FRQ PIS |
C | Pub |
| Lawler et al. (2018) [90], South Korea and United States (US sample) | 1286 | Range 10–12 (M = 11.21) |
ns | S | SLSS | S | FRQ PIS |
C | Pub |
| Nevin et al. (2005) [191], Ireland | 294 | Range 15–18 (M = 16.4) |
40.0 | S | OHI SWLS |
S | FAD | C | Pub |
| Newland et al. (2014) [192], United States | 149 | Range 12–14 (M = 13.0) |
52.3 | S | LSI | S | FRQ PIS |
C | Pub |
| Newland et al. (2015) [193], United States (5th grade) |
502 | Range 10–12 (M = 10.66) |
54.8 | S | LSI | S | FRQ PIS |
C | Pub |
| Newland et al. (2015) [193], United States (7th grade) |
784 | Range 12–14 (M = 12.63) |
49.1 | S | LSI | S | FRQ PIS |
C | Pub |
| Newland et al. (2019) [91], 14 countries | 25,906 | Range 9–14 (M = 11.4) |
47.8 | S | SLSS + OLS | S | FRQ | N | Pub |
| Rask et al. (2003) [200], Finland | 239 | Range 12–17 (M = 14.0) |
49.0 | S | BSW/Y | P/S | FDM II | C | Pub |
| Sari & Dahlia (2018) [185], Indonesia | 193 | Range 12–15 (M = 12.97) |
50.3 | S | SWLS PANAS |
S | FAD | C | Pub |
| Sarriera et al. (2018) [194], Brazil and Spain | 6747 | Range 11–14 (M = 12.07) |
49.3 | S | SLSS | S | ISCWeB | N | Pub |
| Shek (1997a) [46], China | 365 | Range 12–16 | 80.5 | S | SWLS | S | SFI | C | Pub |
| Shek (1997b) [179], China | 429 | Range 12–16 (M = 13.0) |
50 | S | SWLS | S | SFI | D | Pub |
| Shek (1998a) [180], China (Time 1) | 429 | Range 12–16 (M = 13.0) |
50.6 | S | SWLS | P/S | SFI | L | Pub |
| Shek (1998a) [180], China (Time 2) | 378 | Range 13–17 (M = 14.0) |
ns | S | SWLS | P/S | SFI | L | Pub |
| Shek (1998c) [89], China (Time 1) | 429 | Range 12–16 (M = 13.0) |
50.6 | S | SWLS | S | SFI | L | Pub |
| I | AIS | ||||||||
| Shek (1998c) [89], China (Time 2) | 378 | Range 13–17 (M = 14.0) |
ns | S | SWLS | S | SFI | L | Pub |
| I | AIS | ||||||||
| Shek (1999) [181], China (Time 1) | 429 | Range 12–16 (M = 13.0) |
51.0 | S | SWLS | P/S | SFI | L | Pub |
| Shek (1999) [181], China (Time 2) | 378 | Range 13–17 (M = 14.0) |
ns | S | SWLS | P/S | SFI | L | Pub |
| Shek (2002b) [182], China | 1519 | Range 11–18 | ns | S | SWLS | S | FAI | C | Pub |
| Shek (2002c) [134], China | 361 | Range 12–16 (M = 14.0) |
66.4 | S | SWLS | S | SFI FAD FAI |
C | Pub |
| Shek (2002d) [177], China | 229 | Range 12–16 | 53.3 | S | SWLS | S | PPAR | D | Pub |
| Shek (2004) [202], China | 228 | Range 12–16 | 46.5 | S | SWLS | S | FAI | D | Pub |
| Shek (2005) [24], China (Time 1) | 229 | Range 12–16 | 46.7 | S | SWLS | S | FAI | L | Pub |
| Shek (2005) [24], China (Time 2) | 199 | Range 13–17 | ns | S | SWLS | S | FAI | L | Pub |
| Shek & Liang (2018) [43], China | 3328 | Range 12–18 (M = 12.59) |
51.7 | S | SWLS | S | FAI | L | Pub |
| Shek & Liu (2014) [22], China (Time 1) | 4106 | Range 14–15 (M = 14.65) |
53.2 | S | SWLS | S | FAI | L | Pub |
| Shek & Liu (2014) [22], China (Time 2) | 2667 | Range 17–18 | ns | S | SWLS | S | FAI | L | Pub |
| Shek et al. (2001) [130], China | 1519 | Range 11–18 (M = 13.5) |
49.9 | S | SWLS | S | PPAR | C | Pub |
| Syanti & Rahmania (2019) [187], Indonesia | 118 | Range 12–19 | 44.0 | S | SWBS | S | FAD | C | Un |
| Tang et al. (2021) [183], China | 1060 | Range 13–16 (M = 14.6) |
ns | S | CHI | S | BFFQ | C | Pub * |
| Uusitalo-Malmivaara (2012) [195], Finland | 737 | Range 11–12 (M = 12.10) |
49.2 | S | SHS | S | FRS | C | Pub |
| Uusitalo-Malmivaara & Lehto (2013) [196], Finland | 737 | Range 11–12 (M = 12.10) |
49.2 | S | SHS | S | FRS | C | Pub |
| Wang et al. (2019) [203], China | 2229 | Range 9–17 (M = 11.46) |
52.0 | S | PANAS PWI-SC SWLS |
S | FAPGARI | C | Pub |
| Willroth et al. (2021) [197], United States (Time 1) | 674 | Range 14–16 (M = 14.75) |
ns | S | OLS | S | PCRQ | L | Pub |
| Zhou et al. (2018) [184], China | 1656 | Range 16–19 (M = 15.8) |
44.39 | S | HS + MSLSS | S | FAD | C | Pub |
Note. Happiness method: S = self-report questionnaire. Happiness measure: BSW/Y = Berne Questionnaire of Subjective Well-Being/Youth form; CHI = Chinese Happiness Inventory; HS = Happiness Scale; LSI = Life Satisfaction Indicator; LSS = Life Satisfaction Scale; MSLSS = Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale; OHI = Oxford Happiness Inventory; OLS = Overall Life Satisfaction; PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Scale; SHS = Subjective Happiness Scale; SLSS = Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale; SWBS = Subjective Well-Being Scale; SWLS = Satisfaction with Life Scale. Family Method: I = interview assessments; P/S = parent and self-report; S = self-report. Family measure: AIS = Adolescent Interview Schedule; BASC = Behavior Assessment System for Children-Self-Report-Adolescent Form; BFFQ = Brief Family Function Questionnaire; FAD = Family Assessment Device; FAI = Family Assessment Instrument; FAPGARI = Family APGAR Index; FDM II = Family Dynamics Measure; F/MIS = Father/Mother Involvement Scale; FOS = Family-of-Origin Scale; FRS = Family Relationship Scale; FRQ = Family Relationship Quality; ISCWeB = International Survey of Children’s Well-Being; MSLSS = Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale; PCRQ = Parent-Child Relationship Quality; PIS = Parent Involvement Scale; PPAR = Perceived Parent–Adolescent Relationship; RFMQ = Relationship with Father/Mother Questionnaire; SFI = Self-Report Family Instrument. Research design: C = cross-sectional; D = derived from a longitudinal study (one wave of a longitudinal study); L = longitudinal; N = cross-national. Publication status: Pub = published; Un = not published; * = additional data retrieved from authors. ns = not specified.