Table 3.
Sample Characteristics and Methods of Assessment of the Reviewed Studies Investigating the Parental Differences (n = 17).
| Child Characteristics | Happiness Measure | Family Measure | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author (Year), Country | N | Age | % Male | Method | Measure | Method | Measure | Res. Design |
Pub |
| Ben-Zur (2003) [12], Israel | 112 | Range 15–19 (M = 17.06) |
48.0 | S | LSS PANAS |
P/S | RFMQ | C | Pub |
| Cava et al. (2014) [140], Spain | 1795 | Range 11–18 (M = 14.2) |
52.0 | S | SWLS | S | PACS | C | Pub |
| Flouri & Buchanan (2003) [201], United Kingdom | 2722 | Range 14–18 (M = 14.2) |
41.3 | S | HS | S | F/MIS | C | Pub |
| Ingelmo & Litago (2018) [145], Spain | 1409 | Range 11–18 (M = 14.4) |
49.6 | S | CL | S | SWFR | C | Pub |
| Jackson et al. (1998) [30], Holland | 660 | Range 13–15 (M = 13.5) |
46.4 | S | ABS CL |
S | PACS | C | Pub |
| Jiménez et al. (2009) [138], Spain | 565 | Range 11–18 (M = 13.6) |
51.0 | S | SWLS | S | PACS | C | Pub |
| Ljubetić & Reić Ercegovac (2020) [73], Croatia | 101 | Range 10–17 (M = 15.4) |
31.7 | S | GQA | S | QFIS | C | Pub |
| Newland et al. (2019) [91], 14 countries | 25,906 | Range 9–14 (M = 11.4) |
47.8 | S | SLSS + OLS | S | FRQ | N | Pub |
| Rask et al. (2003) [200], Finland | 239 | Range 12–17 (M = 14.0) |
49.0 | S | BSW/Y | P/S | FDM II | C | Pub |
| Schnettler et al. (2017) [169], Chile | 300 | Range 10–17 (M = 13.2) |
51.0 | S | SWLS | P/S | SWFaL | C | Pub |
| Shek (1997c) [131], China | 429 | Range 12–16 (M = 13.0) |
50.6 | S | SWLS | P/S | F/MACS | D | Pub |
| Shek (1998b) [129], China (Time 1) | 429 | Range 12–16 (M = 13.0) |
50.6 | S | SWLS | P/S | F/MACS | L | Pub |
| Shek (1998b) [129], China (Time 2) | 378 | Range 13–17 (M = 14.0) |
ns | S | SWLS | P/S | F/MACS | L | Pub |
| Shek (1999) [181], China (Time 1) | 429 | Range 12–16 (M = 13.0) |
51.0 | S | SWLS | P/S | SFI | L | Pub |
| Shek (1999) [181], China (Time 2) | 378 | Range 13–17 (M = 14.0) |
ns | S | SWLS | P/S | SFI | L | Pub |
| Shek (2002d) [177], China | 229 | Range 12–16 | 53.3 | S | SWLS | S | F/MACS PPAR |
D | Pub |
| Shek & Liang (2018) [43], China | 3328 | Range 12–18 (M = 12.6) |
51.7 | S | SWLS | S | FAI | L | Pub |
| Verrastro et al. (2020) [27], Italy | 1549 | Range 7–14 (M = 11.1) |
47.0 | G | HFS | S | FACES IV | C | Pub |
| S | PHS | ||||||||
| Zhao et al. (2015) [178], China (father migrating group) |
145 | Range 10–17 (M = 13.9) |
60.0 | S | SWLS | S | FACES II | C | Pub |
| Zhao et al. (2015) [178], China (two-parent migrating group) |
96 | Range 10–17 (M = 13.9) |
55.2 | S | SWLS | S | FACES II | C | Pub |
Note. Happiness method: G = graphical assessment; S = self-report questionnaire. Happiness measure: ABS = Affect Balance Scale; BSW/Y = Berne Questionnaire of Subjective Well-Being/Youth form; CL = Cantril Ladder; GQA = General Questionnaire for Adolescents; HFS = Happiness Face Scale; HS = Happiness Scale; LSS = Life Satisfaction Scale; OLS = Overall Life Satisfaction; PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Scale; PHS = Piers-Harris Children’s Concept Scale 2; SLSS = Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale; SWLS = Satisfaction with Life Scale. Family Method: P/S = parent and self-report; S = self-report. Family measures: F/MACS = Father/Mother–Adolescent Conflict Scale; FAI = Family Assessment Instrument; FDM II = Family Dynamics Measure; F/MIS = Father/Mother Involvement Scale; FRQ = Family Relationship Quality; PACS = Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale; PPAR = Perceived Parent–Adolescent Relationship; QFIS = Quality of Family Interaction Scale; RFMQ = Relationship with Father/Mother Questionnaire; SFI = Self-Report Family Instrument; SWFaL = Satisfaction with Family Life; SWFR = Satisfaction with Family Relationships. Source of information (info). Research design: C = cross-sectional; D = derived from a longitudinal study (one wave of a longitudinal study); L = longitudinal; N = cross-national. Publication status: Pub = published. ns = not specified.