Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with diabetes in the 2017~2018 NHANES survey.
| Men (N = 578) | Women (N = 516) | Men vs. Women | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (%) | p = 0.100 | ||
| 20–39 y | 4.32 (1.92–6.72) | 8.24 (5.25–11.23) | |
| 40–59 y | 28.61 (22.71–34.52) | 26.72 (20.23–33.21) | |
| ≥60 y | 67.07 (60.08–74.05) | 65.04 (56.84–73.24) | |
| Race/Ethnicity (%) | p = 0.236 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 63.27 (55.85–70.68) | 58.00 (51.86–64.14) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.45 (6.78–14.13) | 15.27 (9.91–20.64) | |
| Hispanic | 13.29 (9.35–17.24) | 15.94 (12.26–19.62) | |
| Others | 12.99 (9.06–16.91) | 10.79 (6.71–14.87) | |
| Insurance Status (%) | p = 0.851 | ||
| Uninsured | 8.10 (3.09–13.12) | 7.65 (5.26–10.03) | |
| Insured | 91.78 (86.78–96.77) | 92.21 (89.91–94.51) | |
| Employment Status (%) | p = 0.038 | ||
| Unemployed | 42.53 (36.91–48.14) | 34.49 (28.35–40.64) | |
| Employed | 57.44 (51.80–63.08) | 65.51 (59.36–71.65) | |
| Marital Status (%) | p < 0.001 | ||
| Married or living with partner | 73.98 (68.07–79.88) | 56.70 (51.39–62.02) | |
| Never married | 6.90 (4.52–9.27) | 6.32 (3.65–8.99) | |
| Widowed, divorced, separated | 19.06 (13.48–24.65) | 36.90 (31.03–42.76) | |
| Education Status (%) | p = 0.024 | ||
| Below High School | 59.75 (53.40–66.11) | 49.27 (43.93–54.61) | |
| High school graduate or GED | 25.08 (19.95–30.20) | 32.41 (26.84–37.98) | |
| Some college or above | 14.84 (11.03–18.65) | 18.25 (13.96–22.54) | |
| Family Income Status (%) | p = 0.302 | ||
| PIR < 1.30 | 15.78 (11.61–19.95) | 19.14 (16.39–21.90) | |
| PIR: 1.30–3.49 | 35.27 (29.28–41.26) | 39.40 (32.35–46.46) | |
| PIR ≥ 3.50 | 38.19 (29.91–46.46) | 30.99 (24.23–37.74) | |
| AHA Secondary Diet Score | 37.67 (±0.83) | 38.63 (±0.99) | −0.97 (±1.13) |
| Poor Diet (%) | 31.86 (25.19–38.53) | 32.78 (25.81–39.76) | −0.93 (−10.50–8.65) |
| PHQ-9 score | 3.02 (±0.26) | 4.33 (±0.28) | −1.31 (±0.40) |
| Depression (%) | 10.44 (6.86–14.02) | 10.89 (6.73–15.05) | −0.45 (−5.89–5.00) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.95 (±0.53) | 34.61 (±0.55) | −2.67 (±0.59) |
| Obesity (%) | 55.52 (48.98–62.07) | 67.76 (62.44–73.07) | −12.23 (−20.60–−3.87) |
| Smoking (%) | 15.79 (11.49–20.09) | 13.76 (8.61–18.91) | 2.03 (−4.63–8.68) |
| Alcohol Consumption (%) | 64.57 (56.37–72.77) | 54.91 (47.17–62.65) | 9.66 (−1.53–20.84) |
| Insufficient Physical Activity (%) | 41.38 (35.25–47.51) | 54.13 (47.53–60.73) | −12.75 (−21.69–−3.81) |
| Sedentary Behavior (%) | 39.38 (33.60–45.16) | 34.62 (29.17–40.06) | 4.76 (−3.12–12.64) |
AHA, American Heart Association; BMI, body mass index; GED, General Educational Development; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; PIR, Poverty Impact Ratio. Values are the mean for continuous variables and the percentage for categorical variables, age-standardized by the age composition ratio of adult diabetes participants. Values between brackets indicate a 95% CI for the constituent ratio. Values between brackets indicate the standard deviation (SD) for the mean.