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. 2022 Dec 7;23(24):15508. doi: 10.3390/ijms232415508

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of metformin on IL1β-induced inflammation. (a–e) TAO-OFs and NC-OFs were pretreated with metformin for 24 h and then stimulated with 1 ng/mL IL-1β for 24 h. The mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines was determined by qPCR. (f) IF analysis of the expression of IL-8. Scale bar, 100 µm. The quantitative analysis is shown in (g). (h,i) The expressions of IL-6 and IL-8 in cell cultures. n = 3 in each group. ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001 compared with the control group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001 compared with the IL-1β group, ns: not significant (ANOVA).