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. 2022 Dec 7;23(24):15508. doi: 10.3390/ijms232415508

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Metformin reduces the TGF-β-1-induced increases in extracellular matrix protein levels in fibroblasts. (a–h) TAO-OFs and NC-OFs were pretreated with metformin for 24 h and then stimulated with 5 ng/mL TGFβ1 for 48 h. A quantitative analysis of the mRNA levels of profibrotic cytokines. (i) IF analysis of the expression of COL1A1. Scale bar, 100 µm. (j) Quantitative analysis of the results shown in (b). n = 3 in each group. ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, #### p ≤ 0.0001 compared with the control group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001 compared to the TGF-β1 group, ns: not significant (ANOVA).