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. 2022 Dec 8;23(24):15578. doi: 10.3390/ijms232415578

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Elevated DCA induced by an HFD impairs the differentiation of ISCs to GCs. (A) PAS staining and analysis of positive cells per villus–crypt unit (n = 5); scale bars, 100 μm. (B) Relative protein levels of MUC2 secreted by GCs in ileal tissue and analysis in different groups (n = 6). (C) Relative mRNA levels of MUC2 in ileal tissue and analysis in different groups (n = 6). (D) The mRNA expression levels of ATOH1, the key gene of ISC differentiation into GCs in the ileum, in different groups (n = 6). Data are shown as the mean ± SEM. PAS, periodic acid-schiff; ISCs, intestinal stem cells; GCs, goblet cells; ATOH1, atonal homologue 1; LFD, low-fat diet; HFD, high-fat diet; CHO, cholestyramine; DCA, deoxycholic acid. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.