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. 2022 Dec 8;23(24):15578. doi: 10.3390/ijms232415578

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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DCA downregulates IDO1 in vitro. (A) Immunofluorescence staining of DAPI (blue), IDO1 (red) and lysozyme (green) in enteroids. White arrow, IDO1⁺ PCs; white triangles, IDO1⁻ PCs; scale bars, 100 μm. (B) Representative immunofluorescence images of IDO1 in enteroids cultured with DMSO or 100 μM DCA for 48 h and relative analysis of IDO1⁺ cells per enteroid (n = 3); scale bars, 25 μm. (C) Relative mRNA levels of IDO1 in isolated crypts cultured in vitro (n = 7) in different groups. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM. IDO1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1; PCs, Paneth cells; NC, negative control; DCA, deoxycholic acid. * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001.