. 2022 Dec 8;19(24):16450. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416450

Table 5.

Secondary outcome comparisons between and within each group (PP population).

Variable	Observed Value			Change from the Baseline
Variable	CG (n = 23)	EG (n = 23)	p **	CG (n = 23)	p *	EG (n = 23)	p *	p **
Grip Force (R), Nm
visit 2	20.26 ± 2.46	19.91 ± 2.93	0.667	1.30 ± 2.07	0.006	2.70 ± 1.47	0.000	0.011
visit 4	21.56 ± 3.56	22.61 ± 3.46	0.315	1.30 ± 2.07	0.006	2.70 ± 1.47	0.000	0.011
Grip Force (L), Nm
visit 2	19.46 ± 2.49	19.34 ± 3.65	0.901	1.48 ± 2.31	0.006	3.00 ± 2.49	0.000	0.036
visit 4	20.94 ± 3.09	22.35 ± 3.36	0.146	1.48 ± 2.31	0.006	3.00 ± 2.49	0.000	0.036
Total Body Fat, %
visit 2	37.67 ± 4.56	35.40 ± 6.54	0.177	0.70 ± 1.61	0.051	0.87 ± 1.13	0.001	0.674
visit 4	38.37 ± 4.62	36.27 ± 6.29	0.202	0.70 ± 1.61	0.051	0.87 ± 1.13	0.001	0.674
Visceral Fat Area, cm²
visit 2	118.4 ± 28.4	106.7 ± 39.8	0.260	9.77 ± 16.39	0.009	8.93 ± 7.96	0.000	0.827
visit 4	128.2 ± 25.9	115.7 ± 41.3	0.226	9.77 ± 16.39	0.009	8.93 ± 7.96	0.000	0.827
ASM/height²
visit 2	118.4 ± 28.4	106.7 ± 39.8	0.260	−0.01 ± 0.11	0.695	−0.01 ± 0.13	0.592	0.882
visit 4	128.2 ± 25.9	115.7 ± 41.3	0.226	−0.01 ± 0.11	0.695	−0.01 ± 0.13	0.592	0.882
ASM/weight x100
visit 2	10.45 ± 0.75	10.84 ± 1.05	0.152	−0.17 ± 0.46	0.094	−0.11 ± 6.62	0.388	0.729
visit 4	10.28 ± 0.64	10.73 ± 0.92	0.061	−0.17 ± 0.46	0.094	−0.11 ± 6.62	0.388	0.729
IGF-1 (ng/mL)
visit 2	104.04 ± 29.59	109.31 ± 45.91	0.646	7.13 ± 25.18	0.188	12.91 ± 23.36	0.015	0.424
visit 4	111.17 ± 26.67	122.22 ± 46.43	0.329	7.13 ± 25.18	0.188	12.91 ± 23.36	0.015	0.424
hsCRP
visit 2	0.15 ± 0.25	0.16 ± 0.36	0.924	−0.032 ± 0.167	0.371	0.05 ± 0.343	0.369	0.228
visit 4	0.12 ± 0.11	0.22 ± 0.69	0.473	−0.032 ± 0.167	0.371	0.05 ± 0.343	0.369	0.228
EQ-5D-3L
visit 2	0.822 ± 0.186	0.798 ± 0.178	0.663	0.049 ± 0.156	0.144	0.061 ± 0.124	0.027 *	0.775
visit 4	0.871 ± 0.173	0.859 ± 0.157	0.812	0.049 ± 0.156	0.144	0.061 ± 0.124	0.027 *	0.775

p *: Values were compared within each group; p **: values were compared between groups.