Table 6.
Factors associated with multi-drug resistance in patients with urinary tract infections with culture-positive samples tested at MDS Lancet Laboratories, Ghana, from 2017 to 2021.
| Factors | Total n 1 |
MDR n (%) 2 |
PR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years | |||||
| <15 | 1474 | 854 (57.9) | Ref | Ref | |
| 15–44 | 7771 | 4595 (59.1) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 1.05 (0.99–1.09) | 0.06 |
| 45–64 | 4539 | 3020 (66.5) | 1.14 (1.09–1.20) | 1.14 (1.08–1.19) | <0.001 |
| ≥5 | 6040 | 4207 (69.6) | 1.20 (1.14–1.25) | 1.16 (1.11–1.22) | <0.001 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 5484 | 3989 (72.7) | 1.20 (1.17–1.22) | 1.13 (1.11–1.16) | <0.001 |
| Female | 14,505 | 8783 (60.5) | Ref | Ref | |
| Specimen location 3 | |||||
| Accra | 12,702 | 7931 (62.4) | Ref | Ref | |
| Ashanti | 4266 | 2722 (63.8) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.002 |
| Others | 3042 | 2131 (63.8) | 1.12 (1.09–1.15) | 1.09 (1.07–1.13) | <0.001 |
| Antimicrobial substance in urine | |||||
| Present | 1986 | 1742 (87.1) | 1.43 (1.40–1.46) | 1.40 (1.37–1.43) | <0.001 |
| Absent | 18,007 | 11,030 (61.2) | Ref | Ref |
1 Missing values in age (186), sex (21) and antimicrobial substance in urine (17) dropped from analysis; 2 Row percentages; 3 Specimen locations are the regions from where the samples were collected. Samples from regions outside greater Accra were well-packaged and transported in temperature-regulated specimen bags; MDR—Multi-drug resistance; PR—prevalence ratio; CI—confidence interval; aPR—adjusted prevalence ratio.