Table 2.

The effects of different classes of xenobiotics on the hemocytes and hemolymph of several aquatic invertebrates. The symbol ↑ indicates an increase in value; the symbol ↓ indicates a decrease in value.

Class of Xenobiotics	Species	Ecosystem	LMS 1	THC 1	Phagocytosis	Biochemical Parameters	Hemocyte Viability and Apoptosis	Refs.
Heavy metals	Mytilus galloprovincialis	Marine ecosystem		↓	↓			[26]
	Orconectes propinquus	Freshwater ecosystem				↓ Na+, Ca2+		[27]
	Portunus pelagicus	Marine ecosystem				↑ Glucose (after 24 h)		[28]
	Mytilus edulis	Marine ecosystem			↑ (10−9 to 10−7 M)			[29]
	Tapes philippinarum	Marine ecosystem	↓		↓			[30]
	Perna canaliculus	Marine ecosystem				Sign. altered 25 metabolites		[31]
	Crassostrea rivularis	Marine ecosystem		↓	↑			[32]
	Dreissena polymorpha	Brackish, freshwater ecosystem			↓		↓ Cell viability	[33]
	Crassostrea virginica;	Marine ecosystem					↓ Cell viability; ↑ Apoptosis;	[34]
	Mytilus edulis	Marine ecosystem			↓		↓Cell viability	[35]
	Sinopotamon henanense	Freshwater ecosystem		↓		↓ Protein content		[36]
	Palaemon elegans	Brackish, marine ecosystem		↓				[37]
	Lamellidens marginalis	Freshwater ecosystem			↓		↓ Cell viability; ↑ Apoptosis;	[38]
	Elliptio complanata	Freshwater ecosystem				↑ Ca2+; ↓ Na+ No effect on Cl- and K+		[39]
Pesticides	Bellamya bengalensis	Freshwater ecosystem		↑				[40]
	Litopenaeus vannamei	Brackish, marine ecosystem		Sign. difference				[41]
	Ruditapes philippinarum	Marine ecosystem		↓				[42]
	Haliotis tuberculate	Marine ecosystem	No effect		No effect			[43]
	Eriocheir sinensis	Marine, brackish, freshwater ecosystem		↓	↓			[44]
	Anodonta anatine; Lymnea stagnalis	Freshwater ecosystem	↓					[45,46]
	Cardisoma armatum	Terrestrial and marine ecosystem		↓				[47]
	Biomphalaria glabrata; Planobarius corneus	Freshwater ecosystem	No sign. effect	No sign. effect	↑			[48]
	Paratelphusa jacquemontii	Freshwater ecosystem		↓	↓			[49]
	Mytilus galloprovincialis	Marine ecosystem				↑ Ca2+, NH3, Mg2+, glucose; ↓ PHOS, urea, Cl−, K+		[2,5]
Hydrocarbons and oil spills	Crassostrea gigas	Marine ecosystem			↓			[50]
	Crassostrea gigas	Marine ecosystem		↓	↓			[51]
	Chlamys farreri	Marine ecosystem		↓	↓			[52]
	Haliotis diversicolor	Marine ecosystem		↓	↓			[53]
Polystyrene microplastics	Mytilus galloprovincialis	Marine ecosystem	↓		↓			[54]
	Mytilus galloprovincialis; Mytilus edulis	Marine ecosystem		↓	↑			[55]
	Mytilus edulis	Marine ecosystem			No sign. difference		No sign. difference	[56]
	Mytilus edulis	Marine ecosystem	No sign. effect	No sign. effect	No sign. effect			[57]
	Mytilus galloprovincialis	Marine ecosystem			↓		↓ Cell viability; ↑ Apoptosis;	[58]
	Crassostrea gigas	Marine ecosystem					↑ Hemocytes size	[59]
Amino-modified nanopolystyrene (PS-NH2)	Mytilus galloprovincialis	Marine ecosystem		No sign. effect	No sign. effect			[60]
	Mytilus galloprovincialis	Marine ecosystem	↓		↓			[61]

¹ The acronyms “LMS” and “THC” stand for “lysosomal membrane stability” and “total hemocytes count,” respectively.