Table 1.
Overview of the latest methods for analysing the composition of Taxaceae spp. for the last 5 years. The table does not include publications focused on in vitro, in vivo, clinical or forensic studies.
| Taxus/Anatomical Parts | Analytes | Concentration of Analytes (µg/g) |
Analysis Time (min) | Analytical Method | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
T. Baccata L. Red arils |
Ascorbic acid Carotenoids Polyphenols Volatile compound profile Antioxidants Flavonoids |
607–1450 33–54.2 12.2–538 na na 85–211 |
na 20–50 55 |
UV-Vis HPLC-DAD GC-MS |
[28] |
|
T. chinesis Bark, sapwood, and heartwood |
Ethers Alcohols Acids Flavonoids Ketones Phenols Esters Aldehydes Pyridines |
na na na na na na na na na |
na 35 |
FTIR GC-MS |
[29] |
|
T. chinesis Stems |
Fatty acids Phenols Volatile components Benzenes Acids Esters Ketones Alkanes |
na na na na na na na na |
60 | GC-MS | [30] |
|
T. chinensis, T. cuspidata T. media |
Amino acids
Saccharides Acids Alcohols Amines Unspecified compounds |
na na na na na na |
40.5 | GC-MS | [31] |
|
T. chinensis Leaf and wood essential oil hydrodistilled |
Monoterpenes | Yields of the yellow oils 0.15 %, 0.11 % (v/w) | 52 | GC-MS | [32] |
|
T. baccata Needles |
Flavonoids | 166,000–220,100 | More than 100 | LC–ESI–MS/MS | [33] |
|
T. chinensis Heartwood (HW) Sapwood (SW) |
Lipids Organic acids and their derivatives Nucleotides and their derivatives Flavonoids Amino acids and their derivatives Alkaloids Phenylpropanoids Vitamins Terpenes Carbohydrates |
na na na na na na na na na na na |
na | LC-MS | [34] |
|
T. baccata L. Needles |
10-DAB III | 21.1–113.2 | na | LC-MS/MS | [35] |
|
T. baccata Needles |
10-DAB III BAC III 10-DAT PTX CEPH |
na na na na na |
cca 10 | UPLC-MS/MS LC-MS/MS |
[36] |
|
T. baccata Needles |
PTX 10-DAB III 10-DAT BAC III CEPH |
17.8–29.7 162.3–703.4 14.7–17.5 trace 19.2–29.3 |
na | UPLC-MS/MS | [37] |
| T. baccata L. | Flavonoids | 204,260 ± 6020 | cca 100 | HPLC–DAD–ESI–MS/MS | [18] |
|
T. baccata L. Red arils |
Fatty acids Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Amino acids 10-DAB III BAC III CEPH Taxinine M Taxol A Macroelements Microelements |
7199–15,831 17,900–38,000 13,900–35,500 184,300–193,000 9167–15,831 3.9–19.8 2–6.3 0.05–0.18 0.02–0.13 0.02–0.10 8.6–8783.8 0.0013–25.37 |
More than 45 GC-FID: more than 175 |
LC-MS/MS GC-FID Macroelements, microelements, and trace metals ICP-OES |
[38] |
|
T. cuspidata T. mairei T. media Twigs |
Secondary metabolites Amino acids Cofactors and vitamins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleotides Energy-related metabolites Flavonoids PTX BAC III 10-DAT 10-DAB III |
na na na na na na na T. cuspidata 1670 T. mairei 660 T. media 1220 T. cuspidata 800 T. mairei > 400 T. media > 200 T. cuspidata 800 T. mairei 200 T. media 800 T. cuspidata 800 T. mairei 1000 T. media 400 |
cca. 15 for untargeted analysis | HPLC-MS/MS UPLC-MS/MS |
[23] |
|
T. media T. cuspidata T. mairei T. grandis Twigs |
Terpenoids Amino acids Flavonoids Phenylpropanoids PTX 7-epi 10-DAT 10-DAB III BAC III 10-DAT CEPH 7-E-DAB |
na na na na T. cuspidata < 100 T. media 300 T. mairei < 100 T. grandis 0 T. cuspidata < 70 T. media 60 T. mairei < 10 T. grandis 0 T. cuspidata < 50 T. media 150 T. mairei 150 T. grandis 0 T. cuspidata 5 T. media < 20 T. mairei 20 T. grandis 0 T. cuspidata < 250 T. media > 300 T. mairei 100 T. grandis 0 T. cuspidata < 100 T. media < 160 T. mairei 20 T. grandis 0 T. cuspidata 300 T. media < 200 T. mairei 250 T. grandis 0 |
Untargeted metabolomic profiling: 15 Hormones: 8 |
LC-QTOF LC-MS/MS UPLC-MS/MS |
[39] |
|
T. chinensis T. cuspidata T. media Twigs and leaves |
10-DAB III BAC III 7-xyl-10-DAT 10-DAT CEPH PTX 7-epi-PTX Flavonoids |
T. chinesis 3–50 T. cuspidata cca 0–70 T. media 140–420 T chinesis 3.5–22.5 T. cuspidata 2–15 T. media 2–45 T. chinesis 420–1110 T. cuspidata 0–90 T. media >90 T. chinesis <72–430 T. cuspidata 144–288 T. media 216–288 T. chinesis <110–330 T. cuspidata 330–600 T. media 330–550 T. chinesis 15–90 T. cuspidata 60–95 T media <15–180 T. chinesis <1.5–3.7 T. cuspidata <3.7–7.4 T. media 1.5–22.2 T. chinesis 5400–10,800 T. cuspidata <5400–16,200 T. media 5400–10,800 |
5 | UHPLC-MS/MS | [40] |
|
T. cuspidata Branches and leaves |
Polysaccharides | 4.47 w/w % | na | Ion chromatograph UV-VIS |
[41] |
|
T. fuana T. yunnanensis Twig |
Alkaloids Amino acids Hormones Lipids Terpenoids Phenylpropanoids Saccharides PTX 10-DAB III DAB III Flavonoids 10-DAT 7-epi-PTX 7-Epi 10-DAT CEPH |
na na na na na na T. Fuana 27 T. yunnanensis 84 T. fuana 200 T. yunnanensis 500 T. fuana 10 T. yunnanensis 25 T. fuana 150,000 T. yunnanensis 115,000 T. fuana 15 T. yunnanensis 150 T. fuana max 10 T. yunnanensis max 15 T. fuana max 10 T. yunnanensis 250 T. fuana 50 T. yunnanensis 100 |
15 | UPLC-MS/MS | [42] |
|
T. yunnanensis Needles |
PTX 10-DAB III |
na na |
15 | HPLC-PDA | [43] |
|
T. cuspidata Bark |
Caffeic acid Chlorogenic acid Gallic acid p-Hydroxybenzoic acid Hydroxycaffeic acid Protocatechuic acid |
30.5 ± 0.1 83 ± 2.2 20.4 ± 0.7 24.2 ± 1.6 239.8 ± 13 209.7 ± 5.6 |
na | HPLC-DAD | [44] |
|
T. cuspidata Stems and leaves |
10-DAB III BAC III 10-DAT CEPH PTX |
212–354 20–56.6 51–91 36–79 46–92 |
30 | HPLC-UV or DAD | [45] |
|
T. chinensis Leaves |
(E)-1-O-(p-coumaroyl)-3-methoxy-myo-inositol p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde p-Hydroxybenzoic acid Palmitic acid Protocatechuic acid Sciadopitysin Ginkgetin Sequoiaflavonoid Taxacine 10-DAB III 5-deacetyltaxachitriene B Makisterone C 7-β-xylosyl-10-decetyltaxol Taxiphyllin |
na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na |
na | NMR HR-MS TLC |
[46] |
|
T. baccata L. T. media Arils |
Carotenoids Xanthophyll esters |
T. media 20.33–58.78 T. baccata 17–19.55 |
na | HPLC-DAD-ESI/APCI-MSn | [47] |
|
T. baccata L. Red arils |
Taxol A 10-DAB III BAC III CEPH Taxinine M 3,5-DMP |
0.07–5.5 5.6–38 1–28 0.04–7.2 0.04–2 0.04–0.82 |
15.5 | HPLC-MS/MS | [48] |
|
T. cuspidata Needles |
PTX 10-DAB III BAC III DXT DOT 7-EPT CEPH 10-DAT |
na na na na na na na na |
40 | HPLC | [49] |
|
T. wallichiana Needles |
Total phenolic content Total flavanol content Total flavonoid content Total tannin content |
92,670 ± 680 na 84,660 ± 520 na |
na | HPLC-PDA | [50] |
|
T. Wallichiana Leaf, stem, bark and roots |
Docetaxel PTX |
na 9.31–36.46 |
35 20 |
HPLC-UV QToF/MS |
[51] |
|
T. chinensis Needles |
10-DAB III BAC III 7-xyl-10-DAT 10-DAT CEPH 7-epi-10-DAT PTX |
434.75–626.44 45.51–120.48 351.44–546.95 104.05–236.49 42.74–105.69 94.45–166.44 85.79–162.75 |
25 | HPLC | [52] |
| T. media T. mairei Leaves |
Flavonoid content |
T. media 14,464 T. mairei 19,953 |
15 | UPLC-ESI-MS/MS | [53] |
na—not applicable.