Table 3.
Distribution of variables of older adults and group differences in multimorbidity and non-multimorbidity groups.
| Multimorbidity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | N (n = 3637) |
Yes (n = 762) |
No (n = 2875) |
χ 2 | p Value |
| Personal innate characteristics: | |||||
| Gender | 3.680 | 0.055 | |||
| Male | 1864 (51.3) | 367 (48.2) | 1497 (52.1) | ||
| Female | 1773 (48.7) | 395 (51.8) | 1378 (47.9) | ||
| Age | 22.831 | <0.001 | |||
| 60~ | 1816 (49.9) | 322 (42.3) | 1494 (52.0) | ||
| 70~ | 1315 (36.2) | 315 (41.3) | 1000 (34.8) | ||
| 80 and above | 506 (13.9) | 125 (16.4) | 381 (13.3) | ||
| Family history | 40.472 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 308 (8.5) | 108 (14.2) | 200 (7.0) | ||
| No | 3329 (91.5) | 654 (85.8) | 2675 (93.0) | ||
| BMI | 9.457 | 0.009 | |||
| Lean (<18.6) | 265 (7.3) | 53 (7.0) | 212 (7.4) | ||
| Normal (18.5–23.9) | 2060 (56.6) | 398 (52.2) | 1662 (57.8) | ||
| Overweight (≥24) | 1312 (36.1) | 311 (40.8) | 1001 (34.8) | ||
| Behavioral characteristics: | |||||
| Smoking status | 0.208 | 0.648 | |||
| Yes | 936 (25.7) | 201 (26.4) | 735 (25.6) | ||
| No | 2701 (74.3) | 561 (73.6) | 2140 (74.4) | ||
| Drinking status | 0.014 | 0.907 | |||
| Yes | 798 (21.9) | 166 (21.8) | 632 (22.0) | ||
| No | 2839 (78.1) | 596 (78.2) | 2243 (78.0) | ||
| Physical activity levels | 23.694 | <0.001 | |||
| Low | 896 (24.6) | 222 (29.1) | 674 (23.4) | ||
| Moderate | 1505 (41.4) | 335 (44.0) | 1170 (40.7) | ||
| High | 1236 (34.0) | 205 (26.9) | 1031 (35.9) | ||
| Medication adherence | 120.971 | <0.001 | |||
| Low | 1064 (29.3) | 331 (43.4) | 733 (25.5) | ||
| Moderate | 1932 (53.1) | 277 (36.4) | 1655 (57.6) | ||
| High | 641 (17.6) | 154 (20.2) | 487 (16.9) | ||
| Interpersonal network: | |||||
| Marital status | 22.831 | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 2901(79.8) | 566 (74.3) | 2335 (81.2) | ||
| Single | 105(2.9) | 20 (2.6) | 85 (3.0) | ||
| Divorced | 42(1.2) | 4 (0.5) | 38 (1.3) | ||
| Widowed | 589(16.2) | 172 (22.6) | 417 (14.5) | ||
| Family structure | 1.871 | 0.171 | |||
| Empty nest | 1748 (48.0) | 383 (50.3) | 1365 (47.5) | ||
| Non-empty nest | 1889 (51.9) | 379 (49.7) | 1510 (52.5) | ||
| Living arrangement | 1.999 | 0.157 | |||
| Living alone | 657 (18.1) | 151 (19.8) | 506 (17.6) | ||
| Living with others | 2980 (81.9) | 611 (80.2) | 2369 (82.4) | ||
| Socioeconomic characteristics: | |||||
| Monthly income | 15.170 | 0.001 | |||
| <1000 RMB | 582 (16. 0) | 154 (13.6) | 434 (15.1) | ||
| 1000~3000 RMB | 1666 (45.8) | 529 (46.7) | 1302 (45.3) | ||
| >3000 RMB | 1389 (38.1) | 250 (32.8) | 1139 (39.6) | ||
| Educational level | 41.573 | <0.001 | |||
| Elementary education and below | 1376 (37.8) | 365 (47.9) | 1011 (35.2) | ||
| Secondary education | 1791 (49.3) | 316 (41.5) | 1475 (51.3) | ||
| Higher education and above | 470 (12.9) | 81 (10.6) | 389 (13.5) | ||
| Macro-environmental characteristics: | |||||
| Residence | 29.772 | <0.001 | |||
| Urban | 2124(58.4) | 379 (49.7) | 1745 (60.7) | ||
| Rural | 1513(41.6) | 383 (50.3) | 1130 (39.3) | ||
| Basic endowment Insurance | 48.418 | <0.001 | |||
| Uninsured | 1250 (34.4) | 343 (45.0) | 907 (31.5) | ||
| Insured | 2387 (65.6) | 419 (55.0) | 1968 (68.5) | ||
| Basic medical insurance | 4.433 | 0.035 | |||
| Uninsured | 365 (10.0) | 92 (12.1) | 273 (9.5) | ||
| Insured | 3272 (90.0) | 670 (87.9) | 2602 (90.5) | ||