Table 1.
Major families of bacterial efflux pumps in P. aeruginosa.
| Family 1 | Efflux Pump | Gene Ids 2 | Substrates 3 | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABC | Ttg2 (Mla) | PA4456-PA4455-PA4454-PA4453-PA4452 | CHL, CIP, COL, DMF, DOX, LVX, MIN, OFX, TET, TGC, TOB, TMP | [63,64,65] |
| PA1874-77 | PA1874-PA1875-PA1876-PA1877 | CIP, GEN, NOR, TOB | [66,67] | |
| PA3228 | PA3228 | CAR, LVX, NOR | [68] | |
| MFS | Mfs1 | PA1262 | PQT | [69] |
| Mfs2/SmvA | PA1282 | OCT, PQT | [69,70] | |
| CmlA1 | GNT62_RS22140 | CHL | [71,72] | |
| SMR | PASmr/EmrEPae | PA4990 | ACR, EtBr, GEN, KAN, NEO | [73,74] |
| SugE subfamily SMR | PA1882 | Further research is needed | [75] | |
| MATE | PmpM | PA1361 | ACR, BZK, CIP, EtBr, NOR, OFX, TPPCL | [76] |
| PACE | PA2880 | PA2880 | CHX | [77] |
| RND | MexAB-OprM | PA0425-PA0426-PA0427 | AMI, AMX, ATM, CAR, CR, MA, FEP, CFP, CFSL, CTX, FOX, CZOP, CPO, CES, CAZ, CZX, CRO, CXM, CHL, CTET, CIN, CIP, CLX, DP, DOR, ENX, ERY, FMOX, GEN, IPM, LVX, CLM, MEM, MOX, NAF, NAL, NOR, NOV, OFX, OMC, OTC, PG, PPA, PIP, PTZ, PMA, SPX, SPI, STN, SUL, TZB, TET, TIC, TOS | [78,79,80,81] |
| MexCD-OprJ | PA4599-PA4598-PA4597 | AMX, MA, FEP, CFP, CFSL, CTX, FOX, CZOP, CPO, CES, CZX, CRO, CXM, CHL, CHX, CTET, CIN, CIP, CLX, DOR, ENX, ERY, FMOX, LVX, CLM, MEM, NAF, NAL, NOR, NOV, OFX, OMC, OTC, PG, PPA, PIP, PMA, SPX, SPI, TET, TOS | [79,80,82,83] | |
| TMexCD-TOprJ | LSG45_RS29735-LSG45_RS29740-LSG45_RS29745 | FEP, CEQ, CAZ, CTET, CIP, DOX, ERV, FLO, GEN, MIN, NAL, OTC, STR, TET, TGC | [84,85] | |
| MexEF-OprN | PA2493-PA2494-PA2495 | CHL, QN, TET, TMP | [86] | |
| MexGHI-OpmD | PA4205-PA4206-PA4207-PA4208 | 5-Me-PCA, ACR, EtBr, NOR, R6G, TET, V | [87,88,89] | |
| MexJK-OprM | PA3677-PA3676-PA0427 | ERY, TET, TCS | [90] | |
| MexMN-OprM | PA1435-PA1436-PA0427 | BAL30072, ATM, BIPM, CAR, CMN, CAZ, CFT, CHL, MEM, MET, MOX, NOV, PIP, SUL, TMC, TP, TIC | [91,92] | |
| MexPQ-OpmE | PA3523-PA3522-PA3521 | Hoechst 33342, CHL, CIP, ERY, KIT, NOR, RKM, TET, TPPCL | [91] | |
| MexVW-OprM | PA4374-PA4375-PA0427 | ACR, CPO, CHL, ERY, EtBr, NOR, OFX, TET | [93] | |
| MexXY-OprM (-OprA) | PA2019-PA2018-PA0427 (-PSPA7_3271) | ACR, AMI, AMX, MA, FEP, CFP, CFSL, CTX, FOX, CZOP, CPO, CAZ, CZX, CRO, CXM, CHL, CTET, CIN, CIP, CLX, DOR, ENX, ERY, EtBr, FMOX, GEN, IPM, KAN, LVX, CLM, MEM, NAF, NAL, NEO, NOR, OFX, OMC, OTC, PG, PPA, PIP, PTZ, PMA, SPX, SPI, STR, TZB, TET, TIC, TOB, TOS, CAR (only with OprA), SUL (only with OprA) | [79,80,94,95,96] | |
| MuxABC-OpmB | PA2528-PA2527-PA2526-PA2525 | ATM, ERY, KIT, NOV, RKM, TET | [97] | |
| TriABC-OpmH | PA0156-PA0157-PA0158-PA4974 | TCS | [98] |
1: ABC: ATP-binding cassette transporters; MFS: major facilitator superfamily; SMR: small multidrug resistance; MATE: multidrug and toxic-compound extrusion; PACE: proteobacterial antimicrobial compound efflux; RND: resistance-nodulation-cell division. 2: IDs obtained from the Pseudomonas Genome Database [99]. 3: ACR: acriflavine; AMI: amikacin; AMX: amoxicillin; ATM: aztreonam; BIPM: biapenem; BZK: benzalkonium chloride; CAR: carbenicillin; CAZ: ceftazidime; CEQ: cefquinome; CES: cefsulodin; CFP: cefoperazone; CFSL: cefoselis; CFT: ceftolozane; CHL: chloramphenicol; CHX: chlorhexidine; CIN: cinoxacin; CIP: ciprofloxacin; CLX: cloxacillin; CMN: carumonam; COL: colistin; CPO: cefpirome; CR: carvacrol; CRO: ceftriaxone; CTET: chlortetracycline; CTX: cefotaxime; CXM: cefuroxime; CZOP: cefozopran; CZX: ceftizoxime; DMF: dimethylformamide; DOR: doripenem; DOX: doxycycline; DP: dipyridyl; ENX: enoxacin; ERV: eravacycline; ERY: erythromycin; EtBr: ethidium bromide; FEP: cefepime; FLO: florfenicol; FMOX: flomoxef; FOX: cefoxitin; GEN: gentamicin; IPM: imipenem; KAN: kanamycin; KIT: kitasamycin; LCM: lincomycin; LVX: levofloxacin; MA: cefamandole; MEM: meropenem; MET: methicillin; MIN: minocycline; MOX: moxalactam; NAF: nafcillin; NAL: nalidixic acid; NEO: neomycin; NOR: norfloxacin; NOV: novobiocin; OCT: octenidine; OFX: ofloxacin; OMC: oleandomycin; OTC: oxytetracycline; PG: penicillin G; PIP: piperacillin; PMA: piromidic acid; PPA: pipemidic acid; PQT: paraquat; PTZ: piperacillin-tazobactam; QN: quinolones; R6G: rhodamine 6G; RKM: rokitamycin; SPI: spiramycin; SPX: sparfloxacin; STN: streptonigrin; STR: streptomycin; SUL: sulbenicillin; TCS: triclosan; TET: tetracycline; TGC: tigecycline; TIC: ticarcillin; TMC: temocillin; TMP: trimethoprim; TOB: tobramycin; TOS: tosufloxacin; TP: thiamphenicol; TPPCL: tetraphenylphosphonium chloride; TZB: tazobactam; V: vanadium.