| ACE2 | angiotensin converting enzyme 2 |
| CD147 | cluster of differentiation 147 protein, encoded by the BSG gene |
| COVID-19 | coronavirus disease 2019 |
| GPA | glycophorin A |
| NTD | N-terminal domain |
| PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
| RBC | red blood cell |
| RBD | receptor binding domain |
| RCT | randomized clinical trial |
| SA | sialic acid |
| SARS-CoV-2 | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |