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. 2022 Dec 7;23(24):15449. doi: 10.3390/ijms232415449

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of STZ-ICV and DMF treatment on spatial learning (3 days of sessions, 4 trials per session, platform position fixed) evaluated by Morris water maze in young (3-month-old) and aged (22-month-old) rats. (A) Latency to reach the platform in 1–3 sessions (D1, D2, D3) in the MWM. (B) Percentage of total distance travelled in the critical quadrant (CQ) in 1–3 sessions in the MWM. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of trials; n = 10 animals/group. Explanations: $: p < 0.05 vs. both Sham groups within the age group; &: p < 0.05 vs. only Sham+DMF within the age group; @: p < 0.05 vs. STZ within the age group; *: p < 0.05 vs. previous day within the experimental group; Y: p < 0.05 young vs. aged rats within the experimental group by three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test.