Table 2.

Summary of discussed custom-made vertebral body implants.

Implant Material	Implant Site	Tumor Type	Postoperative Observations	Reference
Titanium alloy	Upper cervical spine (between C1 and C3)	Ewing sarcoma	Uneventful recovery The patient began to ambulate on postoperative day 7 and started adjuvant treatment 3 weeks after surgery Tumor-free at the 1-year follow-up	[75]
Titanium alloy	Cervical spine (between C2 and C6)	Chordoma	No postoperative complications The patient was mobilized 48 h after the anterior intervention, was discharged after 10 days, and was required to wear a neck brace for 10 days No change in implant position, no evidence of hardware failure, and no significant adverse effects at 14 months follow-up Tumor-free at the 15 months follow-up	[76]
Titanium alloy	Upper cervical spine	Primary osseous spinal tumors	No sign of displacement or subsidence During a mean follow-up of 28.6 months, 1 patient died of systemic metastasis, and 1 had local tumor recurrence, while the other 7 patients were alive and functional in their daily living	[77]
Titanium alloy	Thoracolumbar spine (between T10 and L2)	Breast cancer metastasis	The patient was stable 3 days after the operation, and after 6 days, the back pain was significantly alleviated; the patient could walk normally independently with a thoracolumbar brace Tumor-free at the 2 years follow-up	[78]
Titanium alloy	Lumbar spine (between L4 and S1)	Renal cell metastasis	No intraoperative complications The patient was mobilized on postoperative day 4 and discharged on day 15 At the 3-month follow-up, the surgical and low back pain settled considerably, but the functional motion range of the lumbar spine remained limited	[74]
Porous titanium mesh	Sacrum	Chordoma	Tumor-free at the 18-month follow-up The patient could walk short distances with assistance	[72]
Porous titanium mesh	Sacrum	Osteosarcoma	The patient could walk 2 weeks after surgery Due to the resection of the left S1 nerve root, there occurred a left foot drop and neuropathic pain in the left leg The patient underwent 3 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy up to 12 months after the surgery	[79]