Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study participants and of participants with and without atrial arrhythmia (AA)
| Total (n = 882) | without atrial arrhythmias (n = 838) | with atrial arrhythmias (n = 44) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.0081 | |||
| Mean ± SD, | 70.9 ± 4.9 | 70.8 ± 4.8 | 72.8 ± 5.7 | |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 70.0 (67.0, 74.0) | 69.0 (67.0, 74.0) | 71.5 (68.8, 75.2) | |
| Range | 65.0–90.0 | 65.0–90.0 | 65.0–86.0 | |
| Sex | 0.7972 | |||
| female | 500 (56.7%) | 473 (56.4%) | 27 (61.4%) | |
| male | 381 (43.2%) | 364 (43.4%) | 17 (38.6%) | |
| other | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Country | 0.9142 | |||
| Germany | 575 (65.2%) | 546 (65.2%) | 29 (65.9%) | |
| Poland | 277 (31.4%) | 263 (31.4%) | 14 (31.8%) | |
| Spain | 30 (3.4%) | 29 (3.5%) | 1 (2.3%) | |
| data source | 0.9632 | |||
| GP | 80 (9.1%) | 76 (9.1%) | 4 (9.1%) | |
| Hospital | 20 (2.3%) | 19 (2.3%) | 1 (2.3%) | |
| Leaflet | 96 (10.9%) | 92 (11.0%) | 4 (9.1%) | |
| Other | 633 (71.8%) | 600 (71.6%) | 33 (75.0%) | |
| Pharmacy | 15 (1.7%) | 15 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Website | 38 (4.3%) | 36 (4.3%) | 2 (4.5%) | |
| Measurement bracelet received | 0.6192 | |||
| Post | 469 (53.2%) | 444 (53.0%) | 25 (56.8%) | |
| Site | 413 (46.8%) | 394 (47.0%) | 19 (43.2%) | |
| Ethnic origin | 0.9652 | |||
| Arab | 2/851 (0.2%) | 2/808 (0.2%) | 0/43 (0.0%) | |
| Asian | 2/851 (0.2%) | 2/808 (0.2%) | 0/43 (0.0%) | |
| Mixed | 2/851 (0.2%) | 2/808 (0.2%) | 0/43 (0.0%) | |
| Other | 62/851 (7.3%) | 58/808 (7.2%) | 4/43 (9.3%) | |
| White | 783/851 (92.0%) | 744/808 (92.1%) | 39/43 (90.7%) | |
| Hypertension | 0.5432 | |||
| No | 439/853 (51.5%) | 416/812 (51.2%) | 23/41 (56.1%) | |
| Yes | 414/853 (48.5%) | 396/812 (48.8%) | 18/41 (43.9%) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.0572 | |||
| No | 762/859 (88.7%) | 720/816 (88.2%) | 42/43 (97.7%) | |
| Yes | 97/859 (11.3%) | 96/816 (11.8%) | 1/43 (2.3%) | |
| EQ-5D: mobility | 0.5223 | |||
| Nmiss | 331 | 313 | 18 | |
| I have no problems in walking about | 471 (85.5%) | 449 (85.5%) | 22 (84.6%) | |
| I have slight problems in walking about | 51 (9.3%) | 50 (9.5%) | 1 (3.8%) | |
| I have moderate problems in walking about | 26 (4.7%) | 23 (4.4%) | 3 (11.5%) | |
| I have severe problems in walking about | 3 (0.5%) | 3 (0.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| I am unable to walk about | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| EQ-5D: self-care | 0.1583 | |||
| Nmiss | 331 | 313 | 18 | |
| I have no problems washing or dressing myself | 538 (97.6%) | 513 (97.7%) | 25 (96.2%) | |
| I have slight problems washing or dressing myself | 11 (2.0%) | 11 (2.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| I have moderate problems washing or dressing myself | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (3.8%) | |
| I have severe problems washing or dressing myself | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| I am unable to wash or dress myself | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| EQ-5D: usual activities | 0.6663 | |||
| Nmiss | 330 | 312 | 18 | |
| I have no problems doing my usual activities | 498 (90.2%) | 475 (90.3%) | 23 (88.5%) | |
| I have slight problems doing my usual activities | 41 (7.4%) | 39 (7.4%) | 2 (7.7%) | |
| I have moderate problems doing my usual activities | 13 (2.4%) | 12 (2.3%) | 1 (3.8%) | |
| I have severe problems doing my usual activities | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| I am unable to do my usual activities | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| EQ-5D: Pain and discomfort | 0.5093 | |||
| Nmiss | 334 | 316 | 18 | |
| I have no pain or discomfort | 316 (57.7%) | 300 (57.5%) | 16 (61.5%) | |
| I have slight pain or discomfort | 172 (31.4%) | 164 (31.4%) | 8 (30.8%) | |
| I have moderate pain or discomfort | 48 (8.8%) | 46 (8.8%) | 2 (7.7%) | |
| I have severe pain or discomfort | 11 (2.0%) | 11 (2.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| I have extreme pain or discomfort | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| EQ-5D: anxiety and depression | 0.2323 | |||
| Nmiss | 329 | 311 | 18 | |
| I am not anxious or depressed | 447 (80.8%) | 423 (80.3%) | 24 (92.3%) | |
| I am slightly anxious or depressed | 83 (15.0%) | 82 (15.6%) | 1 (3.8%) | |
| I am moderately anxious or depressed | 21 (3.8%) | 20 (3.8%) | 1 (3.8%) | |
| I am severely anxious or depressed | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| I am extremely anxious or depressed | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| EQ-5D VAS | 0.4541 | |||
| Nmiss | 331 | 313 | 18 | |
| Mean ± SD | 82.9 ± 12.8 | 83.0 ± 12.6 | 81.1 ± 17.6 | |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 85.0 (80.0, 91.0) | 85.0 (80.0, 91.0) | 86.0 (80.0, 90.0) | |
| Range | 20.0–100.0 | 29.0–100.0 | 20.0–100.0 | |
| EQ-5D 5L VT score | 0.5661 | |||
| Nmiss | 339 | 321 | 18 | |
| Mean ± SD | 0.95 ± 0.08 | 0.95 ± 0.09 | 0.96 ± 0.06 | |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.00) | |
| Range | 0.28–1.00 | 0.28–1.00 | 0.80–1.00 |
Baseline characteristics of the study population grouped by AA detection within the first 28 days. Categorical data are n (%) or n/valid n (%) in case of missing values. Age is presented as mean ± SD, EQ-5D VAS, and EQ-5D 5L VT Score as median (IQR). EQ-5D VAS was missing for total n = 331, without AA n = 313, with AA n = 18, EQ-5D 5L VT Score was missing for n = 339/321/18. (1) Linear Model ANOVA, (2) Pearson’s χ2 test, (3) Trend test for ordinal variables.
(1) Student’s t-test, (2) Pearson’s χ2, (3) Armitage trend test for ordinal variables, Nmiss, number of missing values; GP, general practitioner.