Table 1.
Summary of the characteristics of neural regeneration in vivo, including animal and clinical studies of cell homing and stem cell implantation.
| Scaffold | Stem Cells | Signal Molecules | Species | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Periapical bleeding (2) PRF (3) Collagen (4) Hydroxyapatite |
/ | / | Human | Radiographically: all succeeded; success rate of cold test: (1) periapical bleeding: 11%; (2) PRF:66%; (3) collagen: 44.4%; (4) hydroxyapatite: 33.3% | Mittal et al., 2021 [29] |
| / | Human SHED aggregates | / | Pig | Dentin-pulp-like tissue with blood vessels and nerves | Guo et al., 2020 [30] |
| Atelocollagen | DPSC | G-CSF | Dog | Dentin-pulp-like tissue with blood vessels and nerves | Iohara et al., 2020 [31] |
| Human treated dentin matrix, and Matrigel | Human DPSC | / | Mice | Dentin-pulp-like tissue with blood vessels and nerves | Meng et al., 2020 [32] |
| Atelocollagen | DPSC | G-CSF | Dog | Dentin-pulp-like tissue with blood vessels and nerves | Iohara et al., 2018 [33] |
| / | SHED aggregate | / | Pig; Human |
Pig: Dentin-pulp-like tissue with blood vessels and nerves; Human: Pulp-like tissue containing an odontoblast layer, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves |
Xuan et al., 2018 [34] |
| Collagen gel | BMMSC | PDGF-BB NGF BDNF |
Rat | Well-vascularized pulp-like tissue; positive signals for S-100 | Li and Wang, 2016 [35] |
| Atelocollagen | DPSC BMMSC ADSC |
G-CSF | Dog | Dentin-pulp-like tissue with blood vessels and nerves | Murakami et al., 2015 [36] |
| Atelocollagen | DPSC | G-CSF | Dog | Dentin-pulp-like tissue with blood vessels and nerves | Iohara et al., 2014 [37] |
| Polymerizing type I collagen hydrogel | Indium-111-oxine -labeled rat pulp cells | / | Rat | Dentin-pulp-like tissue with blood vessels, nerves, and active fibroblastic cells | Souron et al., 2014 [38] |
| Atelocollagen | DPSC | G-CSF | Dog | Dentin-pulp-like tissue with blood vessels and nerves | Iohara et al., 2013 [39] |
| Collagen TE | CD31-side population cells from pulp, bone marrow, adipose | SDF-1 | Dog | Dentin-pulp-like tissue with blood vessels and nerves | Ishizaka et al., 2012 [40] |
| Collagen TE | CD105+cells form pulp or adipose | SDF-1 | Dog | Dentin-pulp-like tissue with blood vessels and nerves | Iohara et al., 2011 [41] |
| Collagen | / | bFGF VEGF/PDGF NGF BMP7 |
Teeth from humans implanted in mice | Dentin-pulp-like tissue with blood vessels and nerves | Kim et al., 2010 [10] |
Abbreviations: SDF-1: stromal-cell-derived factor-1; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; BMP7: bone morphogenetic protein 7; BMMSC: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; ADSC: adipose-derived stem cell.